• Research on cannabidiol’s (CBD) benefits regarding weight loss or fasting is limited. However, the compound may produce anti-obesity effects by interacting with the body’s endocannabinoid system (ECS)(1).
  • One possible side effect of taking CBD is appetite loss(2). Individuals fasting to suppress their appetite and burn fat should consider this effect when buying CBD products.
  • Researchers may be interested in how CBD’s purported anti-obesity properties may work with a ketogenic diet. Ketogenic or “keto” diet is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate meal plan that may help manage weight loss(3).
  • Individuals considering taking CBD while fasting should consult a doctor or dietician before deciding what CBD product or dosage is appropriate for their needs.

CBD is a plant-based cannabinoid derived from the Cannabis sativa L. plant. Studies suggest that this compound may have potential therapeutic properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-obesity effects(4).

However, there is limited research on the positive effects of CBD when taken by individuals undergoing fasting programs.

One study showed that CBD may provide anti-obesity benefits by blocking the CB1 receptors of the endocannabinoid system (ECS)(5). The ECS regulates many critical body functions, such as eating, pain control, and inflammatory and immune responses(6).

Reducing calories through fasting may help individuals lose weight, which, in turn, may help lower the risks for obesity-related diseases, such as diabetes and sleep apnea(7).

Thus, researchers may consider examining CBD’s purported anti-obesity properties and how these may help with fasting and weight loss.

CBD may also enhance protein and brown fat gene expression that may contribute to the browning of white adipocytes(8).

The study’s authors suggested that browning white adipocytes and activating existing brown adipocytes may help combat obesity.

White adipocytes are cells that store energy, while brown adipocytes transform that energy into heat. Norepinephrine, released from sympathetic nerve fibers to help with heart and skeletal muscle contraction, controls this heat production(9).

With these results, individuals whose goals for fasting include preventing or reducing obesity may consider CBD as an alternative product that may help with their regimen.

Effectiveness of CBD When Fasting: What Research on CBD for Fasting Says

Existing clinical data have not entirely determined the effectiveness of CBD for fasting or helping with fat loss for weight management.

Additionally, no conclusive studies suggest that CBD can help an individual heal faster. Hence, individuals should consult a doctor for a diagnosis and treatment before considering CBD as an alternative remedy.

However, one study stated that CBD may promote the browning of 3T3-L1 adipocytes by increasing the expression of brown fat genes and proteins(10). 3T3-L1 adipocytes are an in vitro model of white adipocytes.

The study showed that CBD may have a modulatory role in promoting lipid metabolism and helping manage obesity.

Another study to determine the pharmacokinetics of oral CBD capsules was conducted on adult individuals with epilepsy in the fed and fasted states(11).

Results showed that average CBD plasma concentrations were higher in the fed state, and the researchers reported no adverse effects during the trial.

The study also mentioned that taking CBD with food may increase CBD concentration in the blood by four times, with the maximum amount recorded in the trial around 14 times(12).

These results suggest that different foods containing varying fat levels may increase the variability in CBD concentration and absorption levels. However, for epileptic individuals, the variability may increase the risk for seizures(13).

Pros and Cons of CBD Oil When Fasting

In a World Health Organization (WHO) review, the agency mentioned that CBD is generally a well tolerated substance and does not produce effects that may lead to a potential for abuse(14).

CBD does not have psychoactive effects typically associated with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)(15).

THC is a cannabinoid known to induce a euphoric high(16).

Meanwhile, clinical studies regarding CBD’s adverse effects on individuals undergoing fasting have not been conducted.

In general, one of the side effects of CBD is appetite loss(17).

Since intermittent fasting aims to limit caloric intake during certain hours of the day or specific days of the week, this fasting method may help slow down metabolism and decrease appetite(18).

Thus, appetite loss as a side effect of using CBD may have potential research implications for appetite reduction caused by fasting.

Other side effects of CBD include diarrhea, tiredness, and changes in body weight(19).

Comparison of CBD Oil vs. Other Oils Taken When Fasting

Researchers have not conducted formal clinical trials comparing CBD oil with other oils used for fasting. Additionally, more research is required to determine how CBD’s purported benefits may work with fasting programs.

Nonetheless, the following essential oils may have therapeutic properties that may assist individuals undergoing a fasting regimen:

  • Cinnamon oil: Cinnamon is a centuries-old culinary ingredient and traditional medicine that may help manage the symptoms of diabetes or alleviate hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)(20).

Obesity can increase the risk for diabetes(21). Thus, oils that help burn fat or manage obesity or its symptoms may help reduce diabetes risk.

  • Lemon essential oil: CBD(22) and lemon oil(23) may have potential antioxidant properties.

Fasting may help improve the body’s antioxidative defense(24). Thus, taking CBD or lemon oil during fasting may have a positive effect on the body’s antioxidant capacity.

  • Ginger oil: Ginger, originated in Southeast Asia, is used in many countries as a condiment, spice, and traditional herbal remedy(25).

One study showed that ginger may have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties(26). In comparison, CBD may have similar benefits(27).

However, studies have not been conducted to determine which one of the two oils has better therapeutic benefits.

  • Grapefruit essential oil: In a study conducted on mice, researchers noted that olfactory stimulation using grapefruit oil scent may help increase the activity of nerves connected to white and brown adipose tissues(28).

The adipose tissue stores body fat and serves as the primary energy reservoir in mammals(29).

Results showed that the grapefruit oil scent may help increase lipolysis and decrease food intake.

Lipolysis is the breaking down of fats and lipids to release fatty acids. One beneficial fatty acid is omega-3, which may reduce cardiovascular disease risk(30).

Since the study involved olfactory stimulation, there is no comparable study involving CBD using the same method to make a comparison with grapefruit oil.

Additionally, the animal study may serve as a reference for future clinical trials on humans.

Effects of CBD With Other Diets: Will CBD Oil Break a Fast?

Studies have not conclusively determined whether CBD oil helps break a fast.

However, CBD may cause appetite loss(31), which may not help individuals break their fast or increase calorie intake.

Given CBD’s purported anti-obesity properties and other therapeutic benefits, researchers may take interest in how such effects may work with a ketogenic diet.

A ketogenic diet, sometimes called a “keto” diet, is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate eating plan that is gaining attention as a potential weight-loss strategy(32).

The concept behind the keto diet is to deprive the body of glucose by consuming fewer carbohydrates.

Glucose, known as blood sugar, is metabolized from carbohydrates to serve as the primary energy source for the body’s cells, organs, and tissues. The body can store glucose within the muscles and liver for later use(33).

Sustaining a ketogenic diet may lead to a metabolic state known as “nutritional ketosis.” In this state, ketones replace glucose as the body’s primary energy source(34).

Ketones are an alternative fuel supply when the body has a glucose shortage. The liver produces ketones through fat burning(35).

Aside from the keto diet, individuals interested in other low-carb meal plans may consider Dukan or paleo diets in their fasting regimen.

CBD Dosage and Usage

CBD dosage may vary among individuals and depend on several factors such as diet, exercise, stress levels, current health conditions, and genetics(36).

However, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved any CBD dosing guide specific for fasting.

In general, one dosing strategy is to start with a low CBD dose and gradually raise the dosage(37).

For example, individuals taking CBD for the first time may begin with a 10-milligram (mg) dose per day(38).

Despite this suggestion, individuals should consult a doctor or dietician before deciding what CBD dose may be appropriate. Some doctors who are well versed in cannabis products may suggest proper CBD dosage and usage.

Individuals considering using CBD oil to help with fasting or weight loss may take the drug through various delivery routes depending on preference. These administration methods include the following:

  • Ingestion: Taking CBD oil through the oral route allows the drug to enter the body through the digestive tract and spread into the bloodstream.

Oral CBD products include capsules or edibles such as CBD gummies, candies, and chews.

Oral drug delivery is a convenient and cost-effective administration method that may be effective for inflammations, infections, stomach and colorectal cancers, and bowel diseases(39).

  • Sublingual administration: Sublingual delivery of CBD oil involves applying the drug under the tongue. CBD is absorbed by the blood vessels, allowing the drug to bypass the digestive tract and enter the bloodstream directly.

Tinctures are one way to take CBD sublingually by using a calibrated dropper for accurate dosing. These products are typically formulated with a carrier oil, such as coconut oil, to dilute the CBD concentrate.

Some CBD oil tinctures have a natural, earthy taste that some individuals may find unappealing. For this reason, consumers may want to consider mixing CBD oil with food or drinks as an alternative(40).

Other sublingual CBD products include lozenges or oromucosal sprays.

  • Inhalation: This method involves delivering CBD into the body by vaping or smoking. Inhalation lets CBD enter the lungs and brain before the compound spreads throughout the body(41).

Despite being claimed as a less-harmful alternative to smoking, reports still link vaping to lung disease(42).

Hence, consumers considering using vapes to take CBD must mind the potential risks of this delivery method before using such products.

Nonetheless, inhalation may be a quick way for CBD to be absorbed in the body, with onset times lasting from seconds to minutes, making this delivery route suitable for conditions like acute pain or nausea(43).

  • Topical application: Topical CBD products are usually applied to the skin to provide relief to a specific area. CBD in topicals typically does not enter the bloodstream, making its bioavailability zero(44).

Examples of topical CBD products are creams, ointments, lotions, and balms.

Choosing the Right CBD to Take When Fasting

Individuals may look for a suitable CBD product according to several factors, such as the extraction method, product category, onset times, duration of effects, and personal preferences, before purchasing it to help with fasting.

Extraction Process

CBD brands use various methods to extract CBD based on the brand’s technology or expertise in deriving CBD and other cannabis compounds. These methods include carbon dioxide (CO2), ethanol, and hydrocarbon extraction.

  • Carbon dioxide extraction: CBD manufacturers use liquefied and highly pressurized CO2 to extract CBD from the hemp plant.

Because carbon dioxide is an odorless and non-combustible compound, the FDA categorized CO2 as generally safe for use in food(45).

  • Ethanol extraction: This method uses ethanol or ethyl alcohol in CBD extraction. Manufacturers consider ethanol more efficient than CO2 and safer to work with than butane(46).

In addition, various cultures have used the ethanol extraction process for centuries to derive medicinal compounds from plants(47).

  • Hydrocarbon extraction: In this extraction method, manufacturers use hydrocarbons like propane or butane to derive CBD extracts from cannabis.

Cannabis facilities should handle hydrocarbons properly since these chemicals are flammable and neurotoxic. If suppliers do not entirely remove the hydrocarbons from the extracted CBD, these substances may cause a health and safety risk.

Product Categorization

After extracting CBD, manufacturers process it into different CBD oil products, usually categorized as isolate, broad-spectrum, or full-spectrum.

CBD isolates contain pure CBD only. These products are THC-free and have no other compounds or cannabinoids.

Broad-spectrum CBD oil contains most of the extracted cannabis compounds except for THC. These compounds include terpenes and flavonoids(48).

Terpenes are plant compounds known to provide the cannabis plant its distinct aroma and are used as components in essential oils(49). Meanwhile, flavonoids are chemicals that may have antimicrobial and antioxidant potential(50).

Full-spectrum CBD oil is similar to its broad-spectrum counterpart, except full-spectrum CBD oil contains THC.

THC is a psychoactive cannabinoid typically associated with marijuana use and is known to cause an individual to feel “high”(51). Marijuana is a variety of cannabis plants containing high THC concentration(52).

Combining these components in full-spectrum CBD oil may result in an “entourage effect.” This effect happens when the active cannabis components work synergistically to improve their benefits than if those compounds only worked individually(53).

CBD Onset Times

Researchers have not conducted conclusive clinical trials determining CBD’s onset times while undergoing fasting.

In general, the method of delivering CBD may influence the drug’s onset times, as shown in the following(54):

  • Oral administration or ingestion: 30 to 90 minutes
  • Sublingual method: 15 to 30 minutes
  • Vaping or inhalation: 2 to 15 minutes
  • Topical application: 15 to 30 minutes

One clinical trial on the effects of food on the bioavailability of CBD-THC oromucosal sprays showed that food may delay the time to maximum plasma concentration by 2 to 2.5 hours(55).

Maximum plasma concentration is the peak drug concentration absorbed in the system after administration.

CBD Duration of Effects

No extensive human studies determine the exact duration of CBD’s effects on fasting individuals.

Estimates of CBD’s duration of effects after the drug’s onset include the following(56):

  • Ingestion: six to eight hours
  • Sublingual method: two to four hours
  • Inhalation: two to four hours
  • Topical application: two to four hours

One study on the pharmacokinetics of CBD in humans showed that the half-life of orally administered CBD at 10mg and 20mg doses is 1.09 and 1.97 hours, respectively. For capsules containing around 10mg of CBD, their half-life is between 2.95 and 3.21 hours(57).

Half-life is the length of time that a drug’s concentration or quantity within the system is reduced by half (50%).

In the same study, the mean time to maximum plasma concentration for an 800mg orally administered CBD dose may be around three hours. 

On the other hand, oromucosal sprays may have a time to maximum plasma concentration of 1.64 and 4.2 hours, while for sublingual drops, that time maybe around 1.67 and 2.17 hours.

Legality of CBD

All 50 U.S. states have CBD laws implemented with varying restriction levels(58). As of February 2022, 37 states, including the District of Columbia and four territories, have allowed the usage of cannabis products for medical purposes(59).

Thus, individuals considering taking CBD products while fasting should review their local laws to know whether such products are prohibited or not.

Based on the 2018 Farm Bill, hemp-based products with less than 0.3% THC are removed from the list of controlled substances and are no longer part of the definition of “marijuana”(60).

Thus, CBD oil products that contain more than 0.3% THC concentration are considered illegal under United States federal law(61).

The Farm Bill also directs the U.S. Department of Agriculture to establish a regulatory framework for U.S. hemp production(62).

The FDA also warns that marketing or labeling CBD products as dietary supplements or food additives can be illegal(63).

Individual Preferences

Aside from the considerations about the CBD product, consumers should consider their personal preferences and goals before deciding what product to buy.

For example, individuals who prefer to experience the potential benefits of the “entourage effect” may consider purchasing full-spectrum CBD oil products.

Meanwhile, consumers who have an aversion to THC or its psychoactive effects may choose CBD products like isolates or broad-spectrum CBD oil.

Individuals may also choose products based on their personal goals, such as weight loss, health improvement, or lifestyle changes.

CBD and the Endocannabinoid System (ECS)

CBD interacts with an individual’s endocannabinoid system (ECS). This system is composed of receptors, endocannabinoids, and enzymes that produce endocannabinoids(64).

These elements control many body processes, such as appetite, metabolism, energy balance, inflammation, emotion, and stress regulation(65).

Two prominent ECS receptors are the CB1 and CB2 receptors.

CB1 receptors are present within the brain and control neurotransmitter activity and levels to help regulate hunger, alertness, or temperature(66).

Meanwhile, CB2 receptors exist mainly in immune system tissues and help control immune functioning, modulate intestinal contraction and inflammation, and manage pain in inflammatory bowel conditions(67).

One study mentioned that cannabinoids and ghrelin may have orexigenic (appetite-stimulating) effects. Blocking the CB1 receptor may inhibit such an effect(68).

Ghrelin is a hormone produced by the stomach that helps stimulate appetite(69).

What Is Intermittent Fasting?

Intermittent fasting is an eating regimen involving regularly switching between eating and fasting. This type of fasting may help manage an individual’s weight or even prevent some diseases(70).

A Johns Hopkins University neuroscientist mentioned that intermittent fasting may protect organs from age-related neurodegenerative diseases, type 2 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, heart disease, and various cancers(71).

Unlike other diet plans that emphasize what food to consume, intermittent fasting focuses on when an individual should eat.

Studies suggest that the human body evolved to live without food for several hours or days. In prehistoric times, humans had not discovered farming, and hunters and gatherers had to survive without eating for extended periods because hunting and gathering food required time and energy(72).

What Happens When Individuals Fast?

During fasting, the individual consumes little to no food, leading to metabolic switching where the body exhausts its sugar supply and starts burning fat for energy(73).

The concept behind intermittent fasting is to cut back on calories for short periods so that the body becomes satisfied with only small food portions while lessening cravings for unhealthy foods(74).

However, individuals must take precautions when undergoing intermittent fasting. This method may not be safe for certain people, such as children, pregnant women, and individuals at risk for hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and other chronic diseases(75).

Health Benefits of Fasting Intermittently

Some benefits of intermittent fasting include the following(76):

  • Improves heart health
  • Boosts thinking and memory: 
  • Better physical performance
  • Lower risk of diabetes and obesity
  • Maintain tissue health

One study on the effects of intermittent fasting on aging, health, and disease showed that eating within a six-hour period and then fasting for 18 hours may switch the body’s metabolism from glucose-based to ketone-based energy(77).

Another study mentioned that short-term fasting may induce neuronal autophagy(78).

Autophagy is a process wherein cells degrade and recycle intracellular components to help maintain homeostasis. These components include endogenous elements, including damaged organelles and mutant or misfolded proteins, and exogenous components, such as bacteria and viruses(79).

A similar study on autophagy and intermittent fasting suggested that modulating autophagy through nutritional restriction brought by fasting may enhance the effectiveness of anti-cancer therapies and help protect normal cells(80).

Another possible benefit of intermittent fasting is its potential to protect against neurological damage during an ischemic stroke.

An article in the Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism suggested that intermittent fasting may reduce stroke-induced neurogenesis (creation of new neurons) and decrease the death of old cells(81).

The study also mentioned that leptin may be a mediator in bringing out these benefits.

Leptin is a hormone that helps individuals maintain their ideal body weight. Developing leptin resistance may cause an individual to eat more(82).

Alternatively, individuals with growth hormone deficiency interested in fasting may consider getting human growth hormone (HGH) treatment. HGH is associated with the aging process and may influence bone growth and muscle mass.

HGH injections may help increase HGH levels to help facilitate fat burning and increase muscle mass, bone density, and exercise capacity(83).

Types of Intermittent Fasting

There are various ways that intermittent fasting may work for individuals depending on how they incorporate a particular eating style that fits their preferences. These fasting types include the following(84):

  • Time-restricted eating: This method involves setting the fasting and eating windows within the day. Examples include the 16/8 and 14/10 methods.

The 16/8 plan involves fasting for 16 hours and eating for only eight hours per day. In the 14/10 method, individuals fast for 14 hours and consume food within 10 hours.

For example, an individual on the 16/8 fasting regimen may eat only between 10 am and 6 pm.

  • The 24-hour fast: This fasting regimen requires individuals to fast for an entire day and continue eating only on the next day. Variations of this method include breakfast-to-breakfast or lunch-to-lunch fasting.

Due to the long fasting period, this method may cause side effects like headaches, irritability, hunger, low energy levels, and fatigue. Individuals should return to their regular eating habits on non-fasting days.

  • Twice-a-week method: In this method, individuals maintain their regular diet for five days of the week and set a calorie cap during the other two days.

For example, a 500-calorie cap may involve eating 200- and 300-calorie meals (200 + 300 = 500) only during the two fasting days.

With this limited calorie intake, individuals may need to focus on eating low-calorie, high-protein, and high-fiber foods.

  • Alternate-day fasting: This regimen involves fasting or limiting calorie intake every other day.

For example, individuals may limit themselves to 500 calories on fasting days and resume the usual healthy diet on non-fasting days.

However, one study showed that alternate-day fasting may increase an individual’s low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels within 12 months(85).

LDL is also called the “bad” cholesterol, and high LDL levels may increase the risk for stroke or heart disease(86).


  1. Phytocannabinoids: Useful Drugs for the Treatment of Obesity? Special Focus on Cannabidiol
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7064444/
  2. What Are the Benefits of CBD — And Is It Safe to Use?
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/expert-answers/is-cbd-safe-and-effective/faq-20446700
  3. Diet Review: Ketogenic Diet for Weight Loss
    https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/healthy-weight/diet-reviews/ketogenic-diet/
  4. Cannabidiol Primer for Healthcare Professionals
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7340472/
  5. Phytocannabinoids: Useful Drugs for the Treatment of Obesity? Special Focus on Cannabidiol
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7064444/
  6. The Endocannabinoid System: Essential and Mysterious
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/the-endocannabinoid-system-essential-and-mysterious-202108112569
  7. What Is Intermittent Fasting? Does It Have Health Benefits?
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/intermittent-fasting/faq-20441303
  8. Cannabidiol Promotes Browning in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11010-016-2702-5
  9. Brown adipose tissue: function and physiological significance
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14715917/
  10. Cannabidiol Promotes Browning in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11010-016-2702-5
  11. Food Effect on Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol Oral Capsules in Adult Patients With Refractory Epilepsy
    https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/epi.16093
  12. High Fat Foods Can Increase Oral Cannabidiol Absorption Into the Body
    https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/08/190813130426.htm
  13. Ibid.
  14. WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence
    https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/279948/9789241210225-eng.pdf
  15. Ibid.
  16. Tetrahydrocannabinol
    https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/tetrahydrocannabinol
  17. What Are the Benefits of CBD — And Is It Safe to Use?
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/expert-answers/is-cbd-safe-and-effective/faq-20446700
  18. Not So Fast: Pros and Cons of the Newest Diet Trend
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/not-so-fast-pros-and-cons-of-the-newest-diet-trend
  19. Dosage, Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol Administration in Adults: A Systematic Review of Human Trials
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7092763/
  20. Cinnamon
    https://journals.lww.com/nutritiontodayonline/fulltext/2019/01000/cinnamon__update_of_potential_health_benefits.8.aspx
  21. Obesity
    https://medlineplus.gov/obesity.html
  22. Cannabidiol Primer for Healthcare Professionals
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7340472/
  23. Citrus lemon essential oil: chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities with its preservative effect against Listeria monocytogenes inoculated in minced beef meat
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5543433/
  24. The effect of fasting on the parameters of the antioxidant defence system in the blood of vegetarian human subjects
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15526512/
  25. Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ginger in Health and Physical Activity: Review of Current Evidence
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3665023/
  26. Ibid.
  27. Cannabidiol Primer for Healthcare Professionals
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7340472/
  28. Olfactory stimulatory with grapefruit and lavender oils change autonomic nerve activity and physiological function
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25002406/
  29. Adipose Tissue: Physiology to Metabolic Dysfunction
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555602/
  30. Omega-3 Fatty Acids
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/17290-omega-3-fatty-acids
  31. What Are the Benefits of CBD — And Is It Safe to Use?
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/expert-answers/is-cbd-safe-and-effective/faq-20446700
  32. Diet Review: Ketogenic Diet for Weight Loss
    https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/healthy-weight/diet-reviews/ketogenic-diet/
  33. Carbohydrates
    https://medlineplus.gov/carbohydrates.html
  34. Ketogenic Diet
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499830/
  35. Ketones
    https://dtc.ucsf.edu/types-of-diabetes/type2/understanding-type-2-diabetes/how-the-body-processes-sugar/ketones/
  36. CBD dosing
    https://www.projectcbd.org/guidance/cbd-dosing
  37. Ibid.
  38. Page 218 of Healing With CBD
    https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AGlxnhS2SoFeOXEuysv75bd_C9pEnwsU/view
  39. Advances in Oral Drug Delivery
    https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.618411/full
  40. Page 208 of Healing With CBD
    https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AGlxnhS2SoFeOXEuysv75bd_C9pEnwsU/view
  41. Best Way to Take CBD
    https://www.projectcbd.org/guidance/best-way-take-cbd
  42. Can Vaping Damage Your Lungs? What We Do (and Don’t) Know
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/can-vaping-damage-your-lungs-what-we-do-and-dont-know-2019090417734
  43. Best Way to Take CBD
    https://www.projectcbd.org/guidance/best-way-take-cbd
  44. Page 210 of Healing With CBD
    https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AGlxnhS2SoFeOXEuysv75bd_C9pEnwsU/view
  45. CFR – Code of Federal Regulations Title 21
    https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=184.1240
  46. Page 243 of Healing With CBD
    https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AGlxnhS2SoFeOXEuysv75bd_C9pEnwsU/view
  47. CBD Oil: An Introduction
    https://www.projectcbd.org/wellness/cbd-oil-introduction
  48. Cannabidiol Primer for Healthcare Professionals
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7340472/
  49. The Cannabis Terpenes
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7763918/
  50. Flavonoids As Antioxidants
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10924197/
  51. Tetrahydrocannabinol
    https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/tetrahydrocannabinol
  52. Cannabis (Marijuana) and Cannabinoids: What You Need To Know
    https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/cannabis-marijuana-and-cannabinoids-what-you-need-to-know
  53. Page 92 of Healing With CBD
    https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AGlxnhS2SoFeOXEuysv75bd_C9pEnwsU/view
  54. Page 190-193 of Healing With CBD
    https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AGlxnhS2SoFeOXEuysv75bd_C9pEnwsU/view
  55. A phase I study to assess the effect of food on the single dose bioavailability of the THC/CBD oromucosal spray
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23052407/
  56. Page 190-193 of Healing With CBD
    https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AGlxnhS2SoFeOXEuysv75bd_C9pEnwsU/view
  57. A Systematic Review on the Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol in Humans
    https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.01365
  58. Cannabidiol (CBD)-what we know and what we don’t
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/cannabidiol-cbd-what-we-know-and-what-we-dont-2018082414476
  59. State Medical Cannabis Laws
    https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx
  60. Hemp Production and the 2018 Farm Bill
    https://www.fda.gov/news-events/congressional-testimony/hemp-production-and-2018-farm-bill-07252019
  61. CBD & THC: Myths and misconceptions
    https://www.projectcbd.org/cbd-101/cbd-misconceptions
  62. Hemp Production
    https://www.ams.usda.gov/rules-regulations/hemp
  63. What You Need to Know (And What We’re Working to Find Out) About Products Containing Cannabis or Cannabis-derived Compounds, Including CBD
    https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/what-you-need-know-and-what-were-working-find-out-about-products-containing-cannabis-or-cannabis
  64. Phytocannabinoids: Useful Drugs for the Treatment of Obesity? Special Focus on Cannabidiol
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7064444/
  65. Ibid.
  66. The Endocannabinoid System: Essential and Mysterious
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/the-endocannabinoid-system-essential-and-mysterious-202108112569
  67. Ibid.
  68. The Orexigenic Effect of Ghrelin Is Mediated through Central Activation of the Endogenous Cannabinoid System
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001797
  69. Ghrelin
    https://www.yourhormones.info/hormones/ghrelin/
  70. Intermittent Fasting: What Is It, and How Does It Work?
    https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/intermittent-fasting-what-is-it-and-how-does-it-work
  71. Ibid.
  72. Ibid.
  73. Ibid.
  74. Intermittent Fasting: How It Works and 4 Types Explained
    https://health.clevelandclinic.org/intermittent-fasting-4-different-types-explained/
  75. Ibid.
  76. Intermittent Fasting: What Is It, and How Does It Work?
    https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/intermittent-fasting-what-is-it-and-how-does-it-work
  77. Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Health, Aging, and Disease
    https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1905136
  78. Short-Term Fasting Induces Profound Neuronal Autophagy
    https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/auto.6.6.12376
  79. Autophagy and Intermittent Fasting: The Connection for Cancer Therapy?
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6257056/
  80. Ibid.
  81. Intermittent Fasting Attenuates Increases in Neurogenesis after Ischemia and Reperfusion and Improves Recovery
    https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1038/jcbfm.2014.36
  82. Leptin & Leptin Resistance
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22446-leptin
  83. Human Growth Hormone (HGH): Does It Slow Aging?
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/healthy-aging/in-depth/growth-hormone/art-20045735
  84. Intermittent Fasting: How It Works and 4 Types Explained
    https://health.clevelandclinic.org/intermittent-fasting-4-different-types-explained/
  85. Effect of Alternate-Day Fasting on Weight Loss, Weight Maintenance, and Cardioprotection Among Metabolically Healthy Obese Adults
    https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0936
  86. LDL and HDL Cholesterol: “Bad” and “Good” Cholesterol
    https://www.cdc.gov/cholesterol/ldl_hdl.htm
CBD Clinicals is reader-supported. When you buy through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Learn more