CBD Oil for Viral Infections - April 2024

Benefits of CBD for Viral Infections

CBD is a phytocannabinoid (plant-based cannabinoid) extracted from the cannabis plant. This compound is purported to have potential therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, antianxiety, and antioxidant benefits⁽⁷⁾.

However, the use of CBD as an antiviral remedy has received limited scientific attention despite claims that the compound may help manage symptoms of viral infections⁽⁸⁾.

Additionally, one article in Clinical Microbiology Reviews mentioned that while 25% to 50% of pharmaceuticals are derived from plants, none have been used as antimicrobials⁽⁹⁾. Viruses are one of several types of microbial organisms⁽¹⁰⁾.

Despite the lack of research on CBD’s antiviral potential, experiments suggest that cannabinoids may stimulate apoptosis or programmed cell death⁽¹¹⁾. This type of cell death may help eliminate unwanted cells, such as in the case of preventing cancer⁽¹²⁾.

A study published in Trends in Cell Biology showed that regulated cell death is an essential component of a host’s response to viral infections⁽¹³⁾.

Thus, scientists may consider CBD’s purported antiviral properties a potential subject for future research in helping to manage viral infections through apoptosis.

Another study suggested that CBD may have immunosuppressant properties⁽¹⁴⁾. Immunosuppression is the reduction of the body’s normal immune function and is defined as the temporary or permanent immune response abnormality resulting in higher susceptibility to diseases⁽¹⁵⁾.

Despite this effect, immunosuppressants may help prevent inflammation and cell damage and manage autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS)⁽¹⁶⁾.

MS is characterized by nerve fiber damage in the central nervous system (CNS) and can be caused by exposure to bacteria or viruses. MS symptoms include loss of balance, fatigue, muscle spasms, and numbness in the legs and arms⁽¹⁷⁾.

Studies have not conclusively determined if CBD is effective against viral infections. More extensive clinical research is required to explore CBD’s potential antiviral properties.

CBD’s Safety Profile

No conclusive studies show that CBD may cause viral infections to become worse.

However, CBD may generally cause tolerable side effects, such as dry mouth, appetite loss, fatigue, and drowsiness⁽¹⁸⁾.

Other side effects of CBD include tiredness, appetite or body weight changes, and diarrhea⁽¹⁹⁾.

In a World Health Organization (WHO) report, the agency noted that CBD may not produce effects indicative of abuse potential and is generally a well tolerated substance⁽²⁰⁾.

The WHO also noted that CBD may not produce the effects typically associated with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)⁽²¹⁾.

THC is a cannabinoid known to cause psychoactive effects that may lead an individual to feel a “high” associated with marijuana use⁽²²⁾. Marijuana is a cannabis variety or product containing high THC levels⁽²³⁾.

Despite the psychoactive effects, THC is a compound present in medical marijuana, commonly used in the United States for pain control, such as for MS and general nerve pain⁽²⁴⁾.

Additionally, small amounts of THC, usually not exceeding 0.3%, may be included in CBD oil products⁽²⁵⁾. This inclusion suggests that THC may work together with CBD to provide potential therapeutic benefits.

CBD Usage and Dosage for Viral Infections

Individuals considering taking CBD oil to help manage viral infections or the symptoms of such diseases may take the substance using various administration methods. These delivery routes include the following:

• Ingestion: This administration technique involves taking CBD oil orally. Ingestion lets the drug pass through the body’s digestive tract before spreading into the bloodstream.
  
  Oral CBD products include capsules or edibles such as gummies, candies, and chews.Oral drug delivery is considered a convenient and cost-effective administration method. One study showed that this technique may be effective for stomach and colorectal cancers, inflammations, infections, and bowel diseases⁽²⁶⁾.

• Sublingual administration: This route delivers CBD oil sublingually or under the tongue. CBD is absorbed by the blood vessels, allowing the drug to enter the bloodstream directly and bypass the digestive tract.Tinctures are sublingual CBD products typically administered using a calibrated dropper for accurate dosing. Other sublingual products include oromucosal sprays or lozenges.Some brands sell CBD oil tinctures with a natural, earthy flavor, which may not appeal to some individuals. Consumers who still prefer tinctures may consider mixing these products with drinks or food⁽²⁷⁾.

• Inhalation: The inhalation method allows an individual to take CBD by vaping or smoking. Inhaled CBD passes through the lungs and brain before the drug is distributed throughout the body⁽²⁸⁾.Inhalation is considered a fast method to administer CBD, making this delivery route appropriate for conditions like acute pain or nausea⁽²⁹⁾.However, individuals must exercise caution as vaping may be linked to lung disease⁽³⁰⁾. Consumers interested in taking CBD using this method must be mindful of this adverse effect before smoking or vaping CBD.

• Topical application: Topical delivery involves applying CBD to the skin. CBD topicals usually have zero bioavailability, meaning such products do not get absorbed into the bloodstream⁽³¹⁾.Topical CBD products include lotions, creams, balms, ointments, and roll-on sticks.

In terms of dosage, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not endorsed a standard CBD dosing guide specific for viral infections.

However, one dosing suggestion is to take CBD starting with a low dose and gradually raising the dosage⁽³²⁾.
One recommendation is to take CBD starting with a 10-milligram (mg) dose per day⁽³³⁾.

CBD dosage may vary from one individual to another and depend on factors such as diet, exercise, existing health conditions, stress levels, and genetics⁽³⁴⁾.

Some doctors are well versed in cannabis products and may provide CBD dosage and usage suggestions. Thus, individuals interested in taking CBD should consult these doctors before deciding on a dose appropriate for their needs.

Research on CBD and Viral Infections

The following studies show the effects of CBD on various viral diseases:

Viral Hepatitis

Researchers conducted a study published in Pharmacognosy Research to analyze CBD’s therapeutic potential against viral hepatitis⁽³⁵⁾.

The authors suggested that CBD may have an active antiviral effect against the hepatitis C virus (HCV). In vitro results showed that CBD at a 10-micrometer (μm) single concentration may inhibit HCV replication by 86.4%.

Hepatitis C is a liver infection spread through blood contact with an infected individual, such as when sharing needles used for injecting drugs⁽³⁶⁾.

However, the same study also showed that CBD may not be as effective against the hepatitis B virus (HBV).

Hepatitis B is another infectious disease that can spread to individuals through blood, semen, or other bodily fluids. However, unlike hepatitis C, hepatitis B is vaccine-preventable⁽³⁷⁾.

Further in vivo studies are needed to determine CBD’s effectiveness against HCV or HBV in humans.

Kaposi Sarcoma

Another in vitro study showed that CBD may have antitumor properties that help inhibit the growth of and induce apoptosis in endothelial cells infected by the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)⁽³⁸⁾.

However, the study also mentioned that CBD may not affect KSHV’s efficiency in infecting endothelial cells.

Endothelial cells line the inside of the heart and blood vessels and control vascular contraction and relaxation, blood clotting, and platelet adhesion⁽³⁹⁾.

Kaposi sarcoma is a viral infection that causes the endothelial cells to divide excessively and live longer, resulting in the production of inflammation-causing chemicals and cancer cells⁽⁴⁰⁾.

Multiple Sclerosis

Researchers in one study analyzed the effects of CBD on a viral MS model known as Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)⁽⁴¹⁾. Results suggested that CBD may help reduce neuroinflammation and provide long-lasting protection against this viral model.

Additionally, administering CBD during a viral infection may exert long-lasting effects, such as improving motor deficits in the disease’s chronic phase and reducing proinflammatory cytokine production and microglial activation⁽⁴²⁾.

Cytokines are proteins created by immune cells to help manage inflammation⁽⁴³⁾, while microglial cells are macrophages, located in the CNS, that remove infections and damaged neurons and maintain CNS health⁽⁴⁴⁾.

The study also showed that CBD may work with the adenosine A2A receptors to provide anti-inflammatory effects against TMEV⁽⁴⁵⁾.

Another study determined the therapeutic effects of orally-administered cannabinoid formulations in an experimental MS animal model of autoimmune encephalomyelitis⁽⁴⁶⁾.

Results suggested that cannabinoid extracts composed of CBD and THC may significantly improve neurological disability and behavior associated with neuropathic pain.

COVID-19

In 2020, researchers conducted a study published in the International Journal of Biological Macromolecules (abbreviated on some websites as Int J Biol Macromol.) on the antiviral effects of cannabinoids against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) through computational and in vitro approaches⁽⁴⁷⁾.

Results showed that the two cannabinoids, CBD and THC, may be more potent antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 than other antiviral drugs like lopinavir, remdesivir, and choloroquine.

SARS-CoV-2 belongs to a large virus group called coronaviruses. These viruses cause a respiratory disease named coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). This disease spreads from one individual to another through talking, sneezing, or coughing⁽⁴⁸⁾.

Common COVID-19 symptoms include fever, tiredness, cough, and loss of smell or taste. Other symptoms include headache, sore throat, diarrhea, skin rashes, red eyes, and pains⁽⁴⁹⁾.

In another study conducted in 2021, researchers mentioned that CBD may help inhibit the replication of  SARS-CoV-2⁽⁵⁰⁾.

Aside from blocking SARS-CoV-2 replication in lung epithelial cells, CBD may also act as a potential preventative agent against COVID-19. The same study showed that individuals previously taking CBD had lower SARS-CoV-2 infections compared to the general population⁽⁵¹⁾.

The 2021 study is considered a preprint as of April 2022, meaning the article is pending a formal peer-review. Thus, the results of the study should not be taken as conclusive evidence and used to influence health-related behavior.

Still, the WHO is working with scientists and health professionals worldwide to accelerate research and development for new standards and treatments to help mitigate the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic⁽⁵²⁾.

Other Claims

One study noted several anecdotal information on CBD’s purported antiviral benefits. These benefits include the potential to help with the following virus-related conditions⁽⁵³⁾:

• Genital herpes (caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV))
• Colds and flu
• Shingles
• Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV))
• Ebola virus disease (EVD)

Despite the claims that CBD may help manage the above-mentioned viral conditions, there is insufficient clinical evidence that supports CBD’s antiviral potential against these diseases.

Moreover, the FDA has not endorsed the use of cannabis products, except for Epidiolex, for treating any condition or disease.

Epidiolex is a CBD product used as a medication to treat seizures associated with two forms of epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis complex⁽⁵⁴⁾.

The FDA also warns that some CBD products are being sold with questionable quality and marketed with unproven medical claims⁽⁵⁵⁾. These products include CBD tinctures, capsules, vapes, and pet products.

Thus, individuals must consult a doctor for a diagnosis and proper prescription and treatment before taking CBD for any virus-related condition.

CBD Antiviral Properties and the Immune System

One study mentioned that CBD’s antiviral potential may be due to how the compound affects the immune cells’ innate and adaptive functions and how the host inflammatory responses play an essential role in the viral diseases’ pathogenesis (the process by which a disease develops)⁽⁵⁶⁾.

A possible mechanism contributing to CBD’s potential antiviral activity is the induction of the interferon pathway following the host’s immune response to a viral pathogen⁽⁵⁷⁾.

Interferons are cytokines that the body produces as a defensive response against viruses⁽⁵⁸⁾.

Alternatively, CBD may suppress cytokine activation following a viral infection response. This action may decrease the probability of immune cell recruitment and subsequent cytokine storms within the lungs and other tissues⁽⁵⁹⁾.

Cytokine storms are adverse immune reactions wherein the body releases too many cytokines in a short time. Such reactions may cause inflammation, high fever, nausea, and fatigue⁽⁶⁰⁾.

Researchers have not fully determined CBD’s effects on the immune system. However, one study suggested that CBD’s regulation of inflammatory and immune functions involves suppression of cytokine production⁽⁶¹⁾.

The Role of the ECS in Viral Infections

Studies suggest that cannabinoids may induce immunomodulation through the endocannabinoid system (ECS) during viral infections⁽⁶²⁾.

The ECS is a neuromodulatory system that has a critical function in the development of the CNS and the body’s response to endogenous (within the organism) and environmental insults or stressors⁽⁶³⁾.

This regulatory system comprises cannabinoid receptors, endocannabinoids, and enzymes that synthesize endocannabinoids. Some of the prominent cannabinoid receptors in the ECS are the CB1 and CB2 receptors⁽⁶⁴⁾.

Cannabinoid activity is primarily mediated by the CB1 and CB2 receptors, which are predominant within the nervous system cells and immune-derived cells⁽⁶⁵⁾.

Cannabinoids also provide modulation of the immune system and its various aspects, including the level of apoptosis, inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines, suppression of cell proliferation, and induction of T-cells and anti-inflammatory cytokines⁽⁶⁶⁾.

One study noted that the ECS may regulate the body’s inflammatory response against the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)⁽⁶⁷⁾.

Results showed that activating the CB1 or CB2 receptors may reduce cytokine production and immune cell influx, leading to improved lung pathology.

Researchers consider this outcome significant because inhibiting inflammation in chronic infections such as HIV may help control disease progression.

Choosing the Right CBD Product for Viral Infections

Individuals looking for an appropriate CBD product that may help with viral infections should consider several factors before purchasing.

These factors include extraction method, product category, onset times, duration of effects, CBD legality, and personal preferences.

Extraction Process

CBD brands use different extraction methods depending on the technological availability or expertise in obtaining CBD and other compounds from the cannabis plant. These methods include carbon dioxide (CO2), ethanol, and hydrocarbon extraction processes.

• CO2 extraction: Liquefied and highly pressurized CO2 may be used as a solvent for extracting CBD.Carbon dioxide is an odorless and non-combustible compound, which the FDA classified as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use in food⁽⁶⁸⁾.

• Ethanol extraction: Ethyl alcohol or ethanol is a compound used for extracting CBD from hemp.For centuries, this method of deriving medicinal compounds from plants has been a common practice among different cultures⁽⁶⁹⁾.

• Hydrocarbon extraction: CBD manufacturers may utilize hydrocarbons like butane or propane to extract CBD.Hydrocarbons are flammable and neurotoxic. If not handled correctly or purged from the CBD extract, they may become a health and safety hazard.

Product Categorization

Manufacturers process the CBD extract and turn it into various CBD oil products classified as full-spectrum, broad-spectrum, or isolate.

Full-spectrum CBD oil is formulated to contain most of the cannabis plant cannabinoids and compounds, including THC, flavonoids, and terpenes⁽⁷⁰⁾.

Flavonoids are plant chemicals that may have antioxidant and antimicrobial benefits⁽⁷¹⁾. On the other hand, terpenes are compounds that give the cannabis plant its distinct scent and are used as essential oil components⁽⁷²⁾.

When these compounds are combined in full-spectrum CBD oil, they may produce the “entourage effect.” This phenomenon is the combined effect of active cannabis components working synergistically to provide more benefits than if those compounds only functioned individually⁽⁷³⁾.

Broad-spectrum CBD oil is similar to its full-spectrum counterpart, except broad-spectrum CBD oil does not contain THC.

On the other hand, CBD isolates are derived from pure CBD only. 

Broad-spectrum CBD oil and CBD isolates are THC-free and do not include other cannabinoids or compounds.

CBD Onset Times

There are no conclusive clinical trials determining CBD’s onset times specific for viral infections.

In general, the different delivery routes may influence CBD onset time, as shown in the following⁽⁷⁴⁾:

• Ingestion: 30 to 90 minutes
• Sublingual administration: 15 to 30 minutes
• Topical application: 15 to 30 minutes
• Inhalation: 2 to 15 minutes

CBD Duration of Effects

There are currently no extensive human studies focused on how long CBD’s effects will last against viral infections.

Estimates of CBD’s duration of effects after the drug’s onset include the following⁽⁷⁵⁾:

• Ingestion: six to eight hours
• Sublingual administration: two to four hours
• Topical application: two to four hours
• Inhalation: two to four hours

One review on CBD pharmacokinetics in humans showed that orally administered CBD at 10mg and 20mg doses may have a half-life of 1.09 and 1.97 hours, respectively. Additionally, the half-life of capsules containing 10mg of CBD is between 2.95 and 3.21 hours⁽⁷⁶⁾.

Half-life is the duration for a drug’s concentration or quantity within the body to be reduced by 50%.

The same study showed that the mean time to maximum plasma concentration is between 1.64 and 4.2 hours for oromucosal sprays and around 1.67 and 2.17 hours for sublingual drops.

On the other hand, an 800mg CBD dose administered orally may have a time to maximum plasma concentration of three hours.

Maximum plasma concentration is the highest concentration of a drug in the system after administration.

Individual Preferences

Consumers may have different personal preferences when deciding what CBD product to purchase.

For example, individuals who want to take advantage of the “entourage effect” may opt for full-spectrum CBD oil products. Meanwhile, consumers who prefer CBD products without the psychoactive effects of THC may choose CBD isolates or broad-spectrum CBD oil.

Individuals may also choose products based on their personal goals, such as making lifestyle changes or maintaining overall health.

CBD Legality

The FDA cautions that labeling or marketing CBD products as food additives or dietary supplements are considered illegal⁽⁷⁷⁾.

The 2018 Farm Bill removed hemp-based products with less than 0.3% THC from the definition of “marijuana” according to the Controlled Substances Act⁽⁷⁸⁾. This law also provides a regulatory framework for hemp production in the United States⁽⁷⁹⁾.

Thus, CBD oil products that contain more than 0.3% THC are considered illegal under U.S. federal law⁽⁸⁰⁾.

Additionally, all 50 U.S. states have CBD laws with varying restriction levels⁽⁸¹⁾. As of February 2022, U.S. states such as Utah, North Dakota, Oklahoma, and Ohio have comprehensive medical cannabis programs⁽⁸²⁾.

Thus, individuals should consider reviewing their local laws to know if using CBD products is legal in their area.

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1. Potential of Cannabidiol for the Treatment of Viral Hepatitis
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2. Cannabidiol provides long-lasting protection against the deleterious effects of inflammation in a viral model of multiple sclerosis: a role for A2A receptors
   https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23851307/
3. Cannabidiol Inhibits Growth and Induces Programmed Cell Death in Kaposi Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus-Infected Endothelium
   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3527984/
4. Assessment of antiviral potencies of cannabinoids against SARS-CoV-2 using computational and in vitro approaches
   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7836687/
5. Cannabinoid-Induced Immunomodulation during Viral Infections: A Focus on Mitochondria
   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7472050/
6. An introduction to the endogenous cannabinoid system
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7. Cannabidiol primer for healthcare professionals
   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7340472/
8. Cannabidiol for Viral Diseases: Hype or Hope?
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9. Plant Products as Antimicrobial Agents
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10. Types of Microorganisms
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11. The current state and future perspectives of cannabinoids in cancer biology
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12. Apoptosis
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13. Apoptosis and necroptosis as host defense strategies to prevent viral infection
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14. Cannabidiol provides long-lasting protection against the deleterious effects of inflammation in a viral model of multiple sclerosis: a role for A2A receptors
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15. Immunosuppression
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16. Immunosuppressants
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17. Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
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18. What are the benefits of CBD — and is it safe to use?
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19. Dosage, Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol Administration in Adults: A Systematic Review of Human Trials
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20. WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence
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21. Ibid.
22. Tetrahydrocannabinol
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23. Cannabis (Marijuana) and Cannabinoids: What You Need To Know
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24. Medical marijuana
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25. Cannabidiol primer for healthcare professionals
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26. Advances in Oral Drug Delivery
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27. Page 208 of Healing With CBD
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28. Best Way to Take CBD
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29. Ibid.
30. Can vaping damage your lungs? What we do (and don’t) know
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31. Page 210 of Healing With CBD
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32. CBD Dosing
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33. Page 218 of Healing With CBD
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34. CBD dosing
    https://www.projectcbd.org/guidance/cbd-dosing
35. Potential of Cannabidiol for the Treatment of Viral Hepatitis
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5330095/
36. Hepatitis C
    https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/index.htm
37. Hepatitis B
    https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/index.htm
38. Cannabidiol Inhibits Growth and Induces Programmed Cell Death in Kaposi Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus-Infected Endothelium
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3527984/
39. Endothelial Function Testing
    https://www.cedars-sinai.org/programs/heart/clinical/womens-heart/conditions/endothelial-function-testing.html
40. What Causes Kaposi Sarcoma?
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/kaposi-sarcoma/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html
41. Cannabidiol provides long-lasting protection against the deleterious effects of inflammation in a viral model of multiple sclerosis: a role for A2A receptors
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23851307/
42. Ibid.
43. The COVID-19 Cytokine Storm; What We Know So Far
    https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01446/full
44. Microglial cells
    https://www.nature.com/subjects/microglial-cells
45. Cannabidiol provides long-lasting protection against the deleterious effects of inflammation in a viral model of multiple sclerosis: a role for A2A receptors
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23851307/
46. Therapeutic impact of orally administered cannabinoid oil extracts in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis animal model of multiple sclerosis
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31213295/
47. Assessment of antiviral potencies of cannabinoids against SARS-CoV-2 using computational and in vitro approaches
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7836687/
48. SARS-CoV-2
    https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/sars-cov-2
49. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
    https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_3
50. Cannabidiol Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Replication and Promotes the Host Innate Immune Response
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7987002/
51. Ibid.
52. Global research on coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
    https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/global-research-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov
53. Cannabidiol for Viral Diseases: Hype or Hope?
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7347053/
54. FDA Regulation of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Products, Including Cannabidiol (CBD)
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55. What You Need to Know (And What We’re Working to Find Out) About Products Containing Cannabis or Cannabis-derived Compounds, Including CBD
    https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/what-you-need-know-and-what-were-working-find-out-about-products-containing-cannabis-or-cannabis
56. Cannabidiol for Viral Diseases: Hype or Hope?
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7347053/
57. Cannabidiol Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Replication and Promotes the Host Innate Immune Response
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7987002/
58. Interferon
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59. Cannabidiol Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Replication and Promotes the Host Innate Immune Response
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7987002/
60. Cytokine Storm
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61. Immune Responses Regulated by Cannabidiol
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62. Cannabinoid-Induced Immunomodulation during Viral Infections: A Focus on Mitochondria
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7472050/
63. An introduction to the endogenous cannabinoid system
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64. Ibid.
65. Cannabinoid-Induced Immunomodulation during Viral Infections: A Focus on Mitochondria
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7472050/
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid.
68. CFR – Code of Federal Regulations Title 21
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69. CBD oil: An introduction
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70. Cannabidiol primer for healthcare professionals
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71. Flavonoids as antioxidants
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72. The Cannabis Terpenes
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73. Page 92 of Healing With CBD
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74. Page 190-193 of Healing With CBD
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75. Ibid.
76. A Systematic Review on the Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol in Humans
    https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.01365
77. What You Need to Know (And What We’re Working to Find Out) About Products Containing Cannabis or Cannabis-derived Compounds, Including CBD
    https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/what-you-need-know-and-what-were-working-find-out-about-products-containing-cannabis-or-cannabis
78. Hemp Production and the 2018 Farm Bill
    https://www.fda.gov/news-events/congressional-testimony/hemp-production-and-2018-farm-bill-07252019
79. Hemp Production
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80. CBD & THC: Myths and misconceptions
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81. Cannabidiol (CBD)-what we know and what we don’t
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/cannabidiol-cbd-what-we-know-and-what-we-dont-2018082414476
82. State Medical Cannabis Laws
    https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx

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