CBD for Libido - April 2024

How CBD Works and How It May Affect Libido

Cannabidiol (CBD), a cannabis compound typically derived from hemp plants, is purported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antianxiety, and anticonvulsant properties⁽⁹⁾.

Despite these benefits, studies have not concluded that CBD works to improve or manage an individual’s libido.

While results from most studies are inconclusive, CBD’s purported health benefits suggest that the compound may help with various health conditions and contribute to overall wellness.

CBD is a plant-based cannabinoid that serves as a chemical messenger for the endocannabinoid system (ECS)⁽¹⁰⁾.

Studies show that the body’s ECS regulates the secretion of hormones associated with reproductive functions and stress responses⁽¹¹⁾. Thus, an ECS that functions normally may help prevent a hormonal imbalance.

Testosterone is a hormone with an essential role in developing the male reproductive organs⁽¹²⁾. Data suggest that the ECS may affect testosterone production in the body⁽¹³⁾.

Additionally, circulating endocannabinoid concentrations may influence sexual arousal in women. One study showed that increases in the subjective and physiological indices of sexual arousal in women may be associated with decreases in 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA)⁽¹⁴⁾.

AEA, also called anandamide, and 2-AG are endocannabinoids that bind to cannabinoid receptors in the ECS.

The ECS contains the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, which are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)⁽¹⁵⁾. GPCRs transform cell signals into responses, including responses to neurotransmitters and hormones⁽¹⁶⁾.

CB1 receptors perform an essential role in the maturation and differentiation (cell division that causes the cells’ function to change) of Leydig cells⁽¹⁷⁾. These cells help produce testosterone and manage hormonal regulation.

On the other hand, CB2 receptors are present in sperm-producing Sertoli cells and immune system cells⁽¹⁸⁾.

Sertoli cells are found in the testis and are essential for sperm development or spermatogenesis⁽¹⁹⁾.

Research on CBD’s effects on other hormones is inconclusive or limited. However, one study stated that cannabinoids may significantly impact the endocrine system, and interrelations between the ECS and endocrine system activities may be a potential therapeutic target for treating various diseases⁽²⁰⁾.

The endocrine system is a complex and vast network of glands and organs that uses hormones to coordinate and control the body’s reproduction, growth and development, metabolism, stress, and mood⁽²¹⁾.

On the other hand, one study showed that taking high doses of CBD may cause an individual’s prolactin hormones to increase⁽²²⁾. Higher prolactin levels may cause adverse effects, such as lower testosterone and erectile dysfunction (ED)⁽²³⁾.

Thus, CBD at higher doses may adversely affect an individual’s testosterone levels. Low sex drive or libido is a symptom of low testosterone⁽²⁴⁾.

ED or erectile dysfunction is a male sexual disorder characterized by the inability to achieve an erection appropriate for sexual intercourse. This disorder can be caused by any of the following⁽²⁵⁾:

• Blockage or narrowing of blood vessels that restrict blood flow to the penis
• Neurological disorders that cause damage to the nerves sending impulses to the penis
• Stress, depression, performance anxiety, or lack of stimulus from the brain
• Injuries or chronic diseases

Prolactin is released by the pituitary gland, controlled by the hypothalamus, which sends signals to produce and release hormones.

Prolactin also affects men’s sperm production and sex drive and women’s menstrual cycle and milk production⁽²⁶⁾.

The pituitary gland is one of the primary glands of the endocrine system and comprises the adrenal gland, thyroid gland, ovaries in women, and testes in men⁽²⁷⁾.

Other hormones the pituitary gland produces include⁽²⁸⁾:

• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): This hormone stimulates ovaries to secrete estrogen in women and triggers sperm production in men.
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to help regulate metabolism, energy, and the nervous system.
• Luteinizing hormone (LH): This hormone promotes ovulation in women and testosterone production in men.

The hypothalamus secretes the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which signals the pituitary gland to produce FSH and LH⁽²⁹⁾.

There are several delivery routes for administering CBD based on how individuals prefer to take the compound to help manage low libido levels. These routes include:

• Sublingual administration: This method delivers CBD oil or hemp oil sublingually or under the tongue. The drug bypasses the body’s digestive tract through the sublingual route and directly gets absorbed into the bloodstream.

Many CBD companies sell sublingual products in the form of CBD oil tinctures or oromucosal sprays. Tinctures are bottled with calibrated droppers to give consumers the convenience of making accurate CBD doses.

Because CBD tinctures typically have an earthy or grassy flavor, some manufacturers mix these products with artificial flavors to mask CBD’s natural taste.

Consumers may also take tinctures by mixing these products into food or drinks⁽³⁰⁾.

Tinctures are typically formulated with carrier oils, such as coconut oil, medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil, or olive oil to dilute the CBD concentrate.

Aside from tinctures, sublingual products include oromucosal sprays, high-potency oils, and tablets.

• Ingestion: This administration method involves taking CBD products orally, allowing the drug to pass through the body’s digestive tract before spreading into the bloodstream.

Oral ingestion is a safe way for individuals to administer CBD into the system⁽³¹⁾. Oral CBD products include capsules, gummies, chews, and cookies.

While some consumers find the oral route convenient for drug administration, there is no conclusive evidence that oral CBD products are the best choice for managing libido.

• Topical application: Individuals apply CBD to their skin through topical application. CBD topicals do not penetrate the bloodstream and may provide pain relief to areas of the body where the product is applied⁽³²⁾.

Topical CBD products include lubes, ointments, lotions, creams, and balms.

• Inhalation: In this method, CBD passes through the lungs first, then the heart and then gets absorbed into the brain before spreading throughout the body⁽³³⁾.

Inhalation provides a fast method to administer CBD by vaping or smoking and may help control acute problems like nausea or acute pain⁽³⁴⁾.

However, some reports often link severe lung problems to vaping⁽³⁵⁾.

While there is no clear proof that vaping directly causes lung trouble, individuals should exercise caution before buying vapes as these products can cause health risks that can lead to lung disease⁽³⁶⁾.

Some brands selling CBD products claimed to be formulated to help manage libido may assert that such products may be used as aphrodisiacs.

However, no conclusive studies have proven this claim. The bottom line is that individuals must consult a doctor or healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment before using CBD to help manage libido or other existing medical conditions.

After administration, CBD takes some time before starting to work in the body. However, researchers have not performed clinical trials determining CBD’s onset times specifically for libido.

Nevertheless, the drug’s onset times may vary depending on the chosen delivery method, such as the following⁽³⁷⁾:

• Sublingual administration: 15 to 30 minutes
• Oral ingestion: 30 to 90 minutes
• Topical application: 15 to 30 minutes
• Inhalation: 2 to 15 minutes

In addition, the different administration routes also determine how long CBD’s effects may last.

For example, CBD taken through oral ingestion may last for six to eight hours, while administering the substance through sublingual administration, topical application, or inhalation may take around two to four hours⁽³⁸⁾.

Aside from the various methods to administer CBD, individuals may choose from three product categories: isolates, full-spectrum, or broad-spectrum.

• CBD isolate: This product type is made from pure CBD only. CBD isolates do not contain tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other cannabinoids.

THC is a cannabis plant substance typically associated with marijuana usage due to the substance’s psychoactive effect that produces a “high” feeling⁽³⁹⁾.

• Full-spectrum: A full-spectrum CBD oil product usually contains most of the beneficial cannabis compounds and cannabinoids. These compounds include THC, terpenes, and flavonoids.

Terpenes are responsible for the cannabis plants’ distinct aroma and are utilized as essential oil constituents that may benefit aromatherapy⁽⁴⁰⁾.

Meanwhile, flavonoids are plant compounds that may provide antimicrobial and antioxidant benefits⁽⁴¹⁾.

The combination of these substances may produce an “entourage effect” in full-spectrum CBD oil products. This effect is the synergistic activity of cannabis compounds working together to provide better therapeutic results⁽⁴²⁾.

• Broad-spectrum: CBD oil products categorized as broad-spectrum contain most cannabinoids similar to full-spectrum CBD oil products. However, broad-spectrum CBD oil products do not contain tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

Individuals who prefer CBD products that do not contain THC or are sensitive to THC’s psychoactive effects may consider purchasing CBD isolates or broad-spectrum CBD oil products.

However, consumers interested in experiencing CBD’s entourage effect may opt for full-spectrum CBD oil.

Some CBD oil products contain other beneficial compounds, including omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, which some CBD brands claim may help control or increase testosterone levels in the body.

Preclinical data suggest that omega-3 fatty acids may help provide positive testosterone level changes⁽⁴³⁾.

Meanwhile, omega-6 fatty acids may regulate metabolism, contribute to hair and skin growth, and maintain the reproductive system’s condition⁽⁴⁴⁾.

However, some oils, such as canola or soybean oil utilized as carrier oils for CBD oil tinctures, may have adverse effects on testosterone. One study involving rat subjects suggested that canola and soybean oil may reduce testosterone levels⁽⁴⁵⁾.

Although the study above was performed on animals, it may provide a helpful reference for future studies related to libido in humans.

Another factor to consider is dosage. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not endorsed any standard dosage guide for CBD. However, one recommendation is to start with a low dose⁽⁴⁶⁾.

For example, individuals taking a CBD-rich product may start with a 10 milligram (mg) dose of CBD per day. Consumers using CBD products for the first time may consider dividing this dosage into two equal parts and taking it twice daily⁽⁴⁷⁾.

One study suggested that humans may tolerate chronic use and high CBD doses of up to 1,500mg each day⁽⁴⁸⁾.

Benefits of CBD on Libido

Some CBD brands selling various CBD oil products may provide anecdotal evidence claiming these items help manage or improve sex drive, increase women’s libido through lubrication, heighten arousal in men, and contribute to overall well-being.

However, many of the claims mentioned above are unsubstantiated, and clinical studies have not concluded that CBD may help with libido or benefit sex-related hormones.

One condition that may significantly affect testosterone is inflammation⁽⁴⁹⁾. Meanwhile, depression is among the symptoms of low testosterone levels⁽⁵⁰⁾.

CBD may provide pain relief and be used as an anti-inflammatory agent⁽⁵¹⁾. The compound may also function as an alternative to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) to help relieve depression and anxiety.

Thus, addressing inflammation and depression may help manage testosterone levels.

Despite these benefits, there is insufficient research or clinical evidence to conclude that CBD’s effects may improve libido by boosting testosterone.

However, CBD may help reduce stress⁽⁵²⁾. Stress can be a contributing factor to low testosterone⁽⁵³⁾. Thus, managing stress may improve an individual’s testosterone levels.

Testicular injury or trauma (pain in the lower abdomen or scrotum) and inflammatory conditions can also cause low testosterone⁽⁵⁴⁾. CBD has putative analgesic (pain-relieving) and anti-inflammatory effects⁽⁵⁵⁾.

Research on CBD and Libido

One study mentioned that stress may reduce testosterone⁽⁵⁶⁾. An absence of testosterone can be associated with low libido⁽⁵⁷⁾.

In a 2021 survey of individuals who use CBD, respondents believe that the compound may effectively manage stress and anxiety⁽⁵⁸⁾.

Inflammatory conditions like sarcoidosis, which causes inflammation of the lungs and other organs, can also result in low testosterone levels⁽⁵⁹⁾.

Research shows that CBD may possess anti-inflammatory properties⁽⁶⁰⁾. This benefit suggests that reducing inflammation may help manage testosterone.

However, one animal study suggested CBD may reduce testis size and impair sexual behavior⁽⁶¹⁾. Testicular atrophy (shrinking of the testis) is associated with low testosterone levels⁽⁶²⁾.

A survey conducted on individuals who took cannabis products to help enhance their sexual experienced showed that the product may help them relax, increase the intensity of their feelings, and heighten their sensitivity to touch⁽⁶³⁾.

However, some participants in the survey also mentioned that cannabis interfered with their performance by making them sleepy and less focused or had no significant effect on their sexual experience.

Potential Side Effects of Using CBD for Libido

Despite these purported benefits of CBD, there is a potential that this compound may cause side effects.

Researchers in one study said that the commonly reported side effects of CBD are tiredness, diarrhea, and changes in body weight or appetite⁽⁶⁴⁾.

In another study, research participants who took CBD oil prescriptions reported that using CBD caused them to experience sedation and vivid dreams⁽⁶⁵⁾.

The World Health Organization or WHO noted that CBD does not indicate any potential for substance abuse and has relatively low toxicity levels⁽⁶⁶⁾.

CBD may inhibit the activities of liver enzymes called the cytochrome P450 enzymes, responsible for metabolizing many pharmaceutical drugs⁽⁶⁷⁾. Preventing these enzymes from performing their activity may affect the effectiveness of various drugs.

Some medications that may interact with CBD through the cytochrome P450 enzymes include beta-blockers and antidepressants⁽⁶⁸⁾. These drugs are typically taken as anxiety medication⁽⁶⁹⁾.

While CBD is one of the hundreds of marijuana compounds, CBD by itself does not cause a “high” among its users⁽⁷⁰⁾.

Unlike THC, which may produce euphoric and mind-altering effects, CBD does not have these psychoactive effects⁽⁷¹⁾.

Legality

The legality of utilizing medical cannabis or CBD-infused products like CBD oil depends on the state. Before buying CBD products, consumers must review and understand their state’s laws regarding CBD use.

As of February 3, 2022, there are 37 states with regulated cannabis programs, including New York, California, Colorado, Washington, and Illinois⁽⁷²⁾.

Under federal law, CBD products whose THC content exceeds 0.3% are deemed illegal⁽⁷³⁾.

Taking CBD products to help with relaxation should not result in a drug test failure, provided the individual uses a product with no more than 0.3% THC concentration.

However, prolonged and frequent use of CBD products may cause the THC level in the body to build up to detectable levels⁽⁷⁴⁾. This situation can potentially result in a positive drug test.

The 2018 Farm Bill excluded hemp-based CBD products with less than 0.3% THC from the Controlled Substances Act’s definition of “marijuana”⁽⁷⁵⁾.

The law also mandates the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to establish a regulatory framework for producing hemp in the United States⁽⁷⁶⁾.

The only FDA-approved CBD product is Epidiolex, a prescription medication to treat seizures associated with epilepsy⁽⁷⁷⁾.

The agency warns that marketing or labeling CBD products as dietary supplements or food additives is illegal. The FDA has limited data about CBD’s safety and advises consumers to consider the real risks before using CBD⁽⁷⁸⁾.

What Is Libido?

Libido is the biological need to perform a sexual activity, also called sex drive, and is typically characterized as sex-seeking behavior⁽⁷⁹⁾.

The intensity of sex drive or sexual desire can vary from one individual to another and increase or decrease within a given period.

Libido’s regulatory center appears to be hypothalamic in nature (originating from the hypothalamus)⁽⁸⁰⁾. The hypothalamus, a structure that acts as the body’s control center within the brain, manages many bodily functions and helps keep the body in a stable state, known as homeostasis⁽⁸¹⁾.

The absence of testosterone typically leads to low libido⁽⁸²⁾. Testosterone is an androgen, which are sex hormones that help with puberty and play an essential role in reproductive health and body development⁽⁸³⁾.

Thus, treatment of androgen deficiency may result in the normalization of libido.

Causes of low libido in males include the following⁽⁸⁴⁾:

• Physical issues: Health conditions such as weight gain, hypertension (high blood pressure), diabetes, and high cholesterol levels can affect male erection or lead to reduced energy and low self-image.

Exercise, diet, and medical management may help address these physical issues.

• Intimacy loss: Some individuals treat their relationships, intimacy, or sexual health as a self-maintaining entity and thus, give little work or effort to maintaining such activities. This treatment may lead to a loss of intimacy.
• Medications: Antidepressants such as Prozac, Lexapro, or Zoloft taken for depression and anxiety may lower libido or delay orgasm.

Some individuals may show no side effects to these medications. However, others may encounter issues and need to consult with the medication prescriber for a follow-up.

• Pornography: This factor may cause individuals to be interested in sex incorrectly. Pornography may result in sexual deviation that can lead to unrealistic expectations of body images and intimate encounters that trigger negative sexual behavior.

Individuals seeking to correct this negative view of sex may attend sexual addiction counseling programs.

Additionally, low testosterone levels, which can decrease sex drive among individuals, may be caused by any of the following⁽⁸⁵⁾:

• Pituitary gland tumors or dysfunction
• Chronic renal failure
• Alcohol abuse
• Liver cirrhosis
• Cancer chemotherapy
• Obesity or extreme weight loss
• Obstructive sleep apnea
• Puberty delay
• Aging
• Prior brain surgery

Meanwhile, low libido in females may be attributed to the following causes⁽⁸⁶⁾:

• Life stressors: Women who have recently grown their family may be weeks behind on quality sleep or only able to eat when they can spare a short time.

These events may cause women to feel unable to have an intimate sexual encounter.

• Weight gain: Gaining weight may reduce an individual’s energy levels and create a negative perception of self-image. These effects may lead to a loss of intimacy with the individual’s significant other.
• Medications: While anxiety and depression may lower libido, antidepressants may further worsen sex drive in women.

This side effect does not necessarily mean an individual has to stop taking antidepressants. However, an individual may need to discuss such drugs with a healthcare professional specializing in sexual health.

• Sexual pain: Women who experience pain during sex may be less likely to continue doing the act. Fortunately, a sexual health specialist can recommend treatment recommendations.

Consulting a psychology therapist or pelvic floor physical therapist can provide additional diagnosis and treatment.

• Menopause and birth control: In addition to antidepressants, oral contraceptive pills may cause lower libido levels.

Notably, some oral contraceptives may irritate female genitals, possibly affecting sexual performance and decreasing willingness to have sex. 

Women undergoing menopause may also experience hormonal fluctuation or decrease, which affects their libido.

Menopause can also cause dryness in the vaginal tissues, resulting in uncomfortable or painful sex.

However, some women can still experience sexual pleasure during or after menopause⁽⁸⁷⁾.

Males with low sex drive, or hypogonadism, typically show signs such as gynecomastia (enlarged breasts), muscle loss, erectile dysfunction, or low sperm count leading to infertility⁽⁸⁸⁾.

On the other hand, symptoms of low sex drive in females include milky nipple discharge or abnormal menstruation⁽⁸⁹⁾. Females may also express no interest in any sexual activity or be concerned in their lack of such activity⁽⁹⁰⁾.

Individuals who have a low libido affecting their sex life may consult a doctor for a diagnosis. The doctor can perform a physical exam, such as a pelvic exam for women, or any of the following tests⁽⁹¹⁾:

• Blood test: This test checks the level of sex hormones, prolactin, thyroid hormones, and iron.
• Semen analysis: This test determines the sperm count.
• Imaging exam: Tests such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans can detect brain or pituitary gland tumors.

Ultrasound imaging is another diagnostic test that can check for the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) or ovarian cysts.

Depending on the diagnosis, doctors can recommend hormone replacement therapy to help raise hormone levels⁽⁹²⁾.

For example, men may undergo testosterone therapy, while women may take estrogen and progesterone therapy.

These treatment options may take the form of pills, gels, skin patches, or implants.

Doctors can also recommend that individuals taking antidepressants, such as fluoxetine (Prozac) and paroxetine (Paxil), which may lower sex drive, switch to bupropion (Wellbutrin SR) to help improve libido.

In addition to counseling, doctors can prescribe the following FDA-approved medications that may help boost libido, especially for premenopausal women⁽⁹³⁾:

• Flibanserin (Addyi): Individuals typically take this pill once a day at bedtime. Side effects include dizziness, nausea, low blood pressure, and fatigue.
• Bremelanotide (Vyleesi): This medication is an injection usually administered under the skin in the belly or thigh before sexual activity. Side effects of this medication include headache, flushing, vomiting, and a skin reaction at the injection site.

Aside from medications and hormone therapies, individuals may make the following lifestyle changes that may help improve libido⁽⁹⁴⁾:

• Communicating with each other: Couples who communicate in an open, honest way may develop a stronger emotional connection, leading to better sex.

Discussing sex with each other may also help improve sexual intimacy. 

• Setting time for intimacy: Giving time and prioritizing intimacy in one’s schedule may help restore an individual’s or couple’s sex drive.
• Exercising: Regular strength training and aerobic exercise may increase an individual’s stamina, lift body image, improve mood, and boost libido.
• Managing stress: Finding a better way to cope with work stress, financial stress, and daily hassles may enhance an individual’s sex drive.
• Experimenting with various sexual activities: Experimentation between individuals and their partners may help rekindle their sexual desire.

Some ways couples may experiment include trying different sexual positions, using sex toys, or finding a different time or place for sex.

Individuals may also ask their partners to spend more time on foreplay before engaging in such activities.

• Quitting bad habits: Drinking alcohol, smoking, and using illegal drugs can dampen one’s sex drive. Ditching these vices may help individuals boost their sex drive and improve their overall health.

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1. Cannabidiol Primer for Healthcare Professionals https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7340472/
2. Ibid.
3. The Role of the Endocannabinoid System in the Regulation of Endocrine Function and in the Control of Energy Balance in Humans https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17369778/
4. Reasons for Cannabidiol Use: A Cross-Sectional Study of CBD Users, Focusing on Self-Perceived Stress, Anxiety, and Sleep Problems https://jcannabisresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42238-021-00061-5
5. Salivary Testosterone Levels Under Psychological Stress and Its Relationship with Rumination and Five Personality Traits in Medical Students https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5128352/
6. Low Testosterone (Male Hypogonadism) https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15603-low-testosterone-male-hypogonadism
7. Translational Investigation of the Therapeutic Potential of Cannabidiol (CBD): Toward a New Age https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6161644/
8. Hyperprolactinemia and Erectile Dysfunction https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1476085/
9. Cannabidiol Primer for Healthcare Professionals https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7340472/
10. Ibid.
11. The Role of the Endocannabinoid System in the Regulation of Endocrine Function and in the Control of Energy Balance in Humans https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17369778/
12. Testosterone — What It Does And Doesn’t Do https://www.health.harvard.edu/medications/testosterone–what-it-does-and-doesnt-do
13. Endocannabinoids and the Endocrine System in Health and Disease https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6813821/
14. Circulating Endocannabinoid Concentrations and Sexual Arousal in Women https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3856894/
15. Minireview: Endocannabinoids and Gonadal Hormones: Bidirectional Interactions in Physiology and Behavior https://academic.oup.com/endo/article/153/3/1016/2423624
16. G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Focus on BACE1 Related GPCRs https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00058/full
17. Minireview: Endocannabinoids and Gonadal Hormones: Bidirectional Interactions in Physiology and Behavior https://academic.oup.com/endo/article/153/3/1016/2423624
18. Ibid.
19. The Central Role of Sertoli Cells in Spermatogenesis https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9813187/
20. The Effects of Cannabinoids on the Endocrine System https://journals.viamedica.pl/endokrynologia_polska/article/view/EP.a2018.0072/47154
21. Anatomy of the Endocrine System https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/anatomy-of-the-endocrine-system
22. Translational Investigation of the Therapeutic Potential of Cannabidiol (CBD): Toward a New Age https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6161644/
23. Hyperprolactinemia and Erectile Dysfunction https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1476085/
24. Low Testosterone (Male Hypogonadism) https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15603-low-testosterone-male-hypogonadism
25. Erectile Dysfunction https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10035-erectile-dysfunction
26. Physiology, Prolactin https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507829/
27. Pituitary Gland https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21459-pituitary-gland
28. Ibid.
29. GnRH https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/gnrh
30. Page 208 of Healing With CBD https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AGlxnhS2SoFeOXEuysv75bd_C9pEnwsU/view
31. CBD Products Are Everywhere. But Do They Work? https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/cbd-products-are-everywhere-but-do-they-work
32. Page 210 of Healing With CBD https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AGlxnhS2SoFeOXEuysv75bd_C9pEnwsU/view
33. Best Way to Take CBD https://www.projectcbd.org/guidance/best-way-take-cbd
34. Ibid.
35. Can Vaping Damage Your Lungs? What We Do (and Don’t) Know https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/can-vaping-damage-your-lungs-what-we-do-and-dont-know-2019090417734
36. Ibid.
37. Page 190-193 of Healing With CBD https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AGlxnhS2SoFeOXEuysv75bd_C9pEnwsU/view
38. Ibid.
39. Tetrahydrocannabinol https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/tetrahydrocannabinol
40. The Cannabis Terpenes https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7763918/
41. Flavonoids as antioxidants https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10924197/
42. Page 92 of Healing With CBD https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AGlxnhS2SoFeOXEuysv75bd_C9pEnwsU/view
43. Dietary Supplementation With Docosahexaenoic Acid Rich Fish Oil Increases Circulating Levels of Testosterone in Overweight and Obese Men https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33221700/
44. Omega-6 Fatty Acids https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/supplement/omega-6-fatty-acids
45. Testosterone-Lowering Activity of Canola and Hydrogenated Soybean Oil in the Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20930468/
46. Page 218 of Healing With CBD https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AGlxnhS2SoFeOXEuysv75bd_C9pEnwsU/view
47. Ibid.
48. Safety and Side Effects of Cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa Constituent https://doi.org/10.2174/157488611798280924
49. Low Testosterone (Male Hypogonadism) https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15603-low-testosterone-male-hypogonadism
50. What is Low Testosterone? https://www.urologyhealth.org/urology-a-z/l/low-testosterone
51. CBD Oil: What Is It and How Does It Work? https://www.eehealth.org/blog/2019/09/cbd-oil/
52. Reasons for Cannabidiol Use: A Cross-Sectional Study of CBD Users, Focusing on Self-Perceived Stress, Anxiety, and Sleep Problems https://jcannabisresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42238-021-00061-5
53. Salivary Testosterone Levels Under Psychological Stress and Its Relationship with Rumination and Five Personality Traits in Medical Students https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5128352/
54. Low Testosterone (Male Hypogonadism) https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15603-low-testosterone-male-hypogonadism
55. Cannabidiol primer for healthcare professionals https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7340472/
56. Salivary Testosterone Levels Under Psychological Stress and Its Relationship with Rumination and Five Personality Traits in Medical Students https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5128352/
57. Libido https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/libido
58. Reasons for cannabidiol use: a cross-sectional study of CBD users, focusing on self-perceived stress, anxiety, and sleep problems https://jcannabisresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42238-021-00061-5
59. Low Testosterone (Male Hypogonadism) https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15603-low-testosterone-male-hypogonadism
60. Cannabidiol Primer for Healthcare Professionals https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7340472/
61. The Effects of Cannabidiol on Male Reproductive System: A Literature Review https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31313338/
62. Testis Atrophy https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/testis-atrophy
63. How Cannabis Alters Sexual Experience: A Survey of Men and Women https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31447385/
64. Dosage, Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol Administration in Adults: A Systematic Review of Human Trials https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7092763/
65. Cannabidiol prescription in clinical practice: an audit on the first 400 patients in New Zealand https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7330185/
66. WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence: Fortieth Report https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/279948/9789241210225-eng.pdf
67. Page 114-115 of Healing With CBD https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AGlxnhS2SoFeOXEuysv75bd_C9pEnwsU/view
68. Ibid.
69. Anxiety Medication https://www.helpguide.org/articles/anxiety/anxiety-medication.htm
70. Cannabidiol (CBD)-What We Know and What We Don’t https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/cannabidiol-cbd-what-we-know-and-what-we-dont-2018082414476
71. Cannabidiol as a Potential Treatment for Anxiety Disorders https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4604171/
72. State Medical Cannabis Laws https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx
73. CBD & THC: Myths and Misconceptions https://www.projectcbd.org/guidance/cbd-thc-myths-and-misconceptions
74. Can You Take CBD and Pass a Drug Test? https://www.consumerreports.org/cbd/can-you-take-cbd-and-pass-a-drug-test/
75. Hemp Production and the 2018 Farm Bill https://www.fda.gov/news-events/congressional-testimony/hemp-production-and-2018-farm-bill-07252019
76. Hemp Production https://www.ams.usda.gov/rules-regulations/hemp
77. What are the benefits of CBD — and is it safe to use? https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/expert-answers/is-cbd-safe-and-effective/faq-20446700
78. What You Need to Know (and What We’re Working to Find Out) About Products Containing Cannabis or Cannabis-Derived Compounds, Including CBD https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/what-you-need-know-and-what-were-working-find-out-about-products-containing-cannabis-or-cannabis
79. Libido https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/libido
80. Ibid.
81. Hypothalamus https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22566-hypothalamus
82. Libido https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/libido
83. Androgens https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22002-androgens
84. Let’s Talk Low Libido https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/lets-talk-low-libido
85. Low Testosterone (Male Hypogonadism) https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15603-low-testosterone-male-hypogonadism
86. Let’s Talk Low Libido https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/lets-talk-low-libido
87. Low Sex Drive in Women: Symptoms 7 Causes https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-sex-drive-in-women/symptoms-causes/syc-20374554
88. Low Sex Drive (Hypogonadism) https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15216-low-sex-drive-hypogonadism
89. Ibid.
90. Low Sex Drive in Women: Symptoms & Causes https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-sex-drive-in-women/symptoms-causes/syc-20374554
91. Low Sex Drive (Hypogonadism) https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15216-low-sex-drive-hypogonadism
92. Ibid.
93. Low Sex Drive in Women: Diagnosis & Treatment https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-sex-drive-in-women/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374561
94. Ibid.

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