Best CBD Oil for Panic Attacks
Studies looking into CBD’s potential to help regulate panic disorders is promising. We at CBD Clinicals have gathered the best CBD oils for anxiety and panic attacks on the market to help you make an informed purchase decision.
Best CBD Oil for Panic Attacks 2024
- Spruce 750mg Lab Grade CBD Oil Editor's Pick
- NuLeaf Naturals 900mg Full Spectrum Hemp CBD Oil Best Organic
- Spruce 2400mg Lab Grade CBD Oil Editor's Pick
- Avida Full Spectrum CBD Oil Tincture 500mg Best Seller
- cbdMD CBD Oil Tincture Natural 1500mg Best Natural Alternative
- CBDistillery THC Free CBD Oil Tinctures Best THC-Free
- cbdMD CBD Oil Tincture Natural 750mg Best Customer Rated
- NuLeaf Naturals 300mg Full Spectrum Hemp CBD Oil Best Starter
- Hemp Bombs 750mg CBD Oil Best Flavor Range
- Sunsoil CBD Oil Drops, Chocolate Mint Flavor Best Allergy Friendly
Compare the Best CBD Oil for Panic Attacks in 2021
Best CBD Oil for Panic Attacks
1. Spruce 750mg Lab Grade CBD Oil
cbdc overall score
4.8
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
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Mid-strength |
No other flavors |
Natural peppermint flavor |
|
Made from 100% organic and natural ingredients |
Overview
Each bottle of the 750mg CBD oil tincture contains 25mg of CBD per dropper full. The oil is peppermint flavor to mask any unpleasant tastes related to CBD.
2. NuLeaf Naturals 900mg Full Spectrum Hemp CBD Oil
cbdc overall score
5.0
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
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Pure CBD hemp |
No other flavors |
All natural |
|
Approximately 300 drops total |
Overview
Natural remedy for various illnesses. NuLeaf Naturals’ CBD oil is a whole-plant extract containing a full spectrum of naturally occurring synergistic cannabinoids and terpenes.
3. Spruce 2400mg Lab Grade CBD Oil
cbdc overall score
5.0
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Extra Strength |
Tastes bitter |
No artificial flavoring or colors |
No THC-free option |
Made from 100% organic and natural ingredients |
Overview
The largest bottle of CBD oil that Spruce offers contains 2,400mg of CBD. This is full-spectrum CBD oil, which is the maximum possible potency. Each high potency dropper full contains 80mg of CBD. There are no flavorings in it, which allows for the most CBD to fit in the 30ml bottle.
4. Avida Full Spectrum CBD Oil Tincture 500mg
cbdc overall score
4.6
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Light Spearmint flavor |
No other flavor |
Non-THC, Non-detected in drug test |
Overview
Avida Extracts Full Spectrum CBD oil is the latest iteration of the brand’s advanced Avida CORE Spectrum technology. They use a proprietary full spectrum blend, resulting in the highest naturally occurring Phyto-cannabinoids and Terpenes with THC (<0.3) to support your health.
5. cbdMD CBD Oil Tincture Natural 1500mg
cbdc overall score
4.7
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
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Various delicious flavors to choose from |
cbdMD uses MCT as its carrier oil so individuals who are allergic with coconuts should consider other brand options |
Has vegan, organic, and gluten-free ingredients |
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Free shipping for this particular product within USA |
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World-class customer service team |
Overview
cbdMD’s CBD oil tinctures are made using only CBD sourced from medical hemp and MCT oil as a carrier oil. Tinctures are offered in orange, mint, natural, and berry flavors. Safe for daily use, the oil tinctures are packaged with a built-in rubber dropper to adjust CBD dosage easily. The packaging is made to be easy to transport and discreet to use.
6. CBDistillery THC Free CBD Oil Tinctures
cbdc overall score
4.4
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
60-Day Satisfaction Guarantee |
Dropper is a bit shaky |
Various strengths |
|
Oil extracted from aerial plant parts of US grown industrial hemp |
|
Sourced from non-GMO industrial hemp grown in the USA through natural farming practices |
Overview
CBDistillery’s Isolate CBD Oil Tinctures harness the power of pure CBD. CBD Isolate Oil Tinctures include 0.0% THC. When you use CBDistillery CBD Isolate Oil Tinctures, you can be assured you’re using the highest quality CBD on the market.
7. NuLeaf Naturals 300mg Full Spectrum Hemp CBD Oil
cbdc overall score
4.6
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Pure CBD hemp |
No other flavors |
All natural |
A bit pricey compared to competitors |
Approximately 100 drops total |
Overview
This is one of several concentrations from NuLeaf Naturals. As the lowest concentration, it is the company’s best option for those new to CBD oil. The product is lab-tested and fully organic. It is full-spectrum, so it contains THC in small quantities.
8. cbdMD CBD Oil Tincture Natural 750mg
cbdc overall score
4.4
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Vegan and Gluten free |
Does not ship internationally |
Has a third-party lab test |
|
Wide variety of CBD strengths and sizes |
Overview
A 750mg bottle of cbdMD’s Broad Spectrum Oil Tincture does not contain THC. It also has a fairly wide flavor range which is perfect for those who prefer other taste. Vegan consumers are considered since cbdMD offers Vegan products. Aside from all of that, another reason why people love cbdMD is because it’s free from harmful chemicals.
9. Hemp Bombs 750mg CBD Oil
cbdc overall score
3.9
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Wide variety of flavors |
Incomplete information about the product |
Lab test results are complete |
Does not ship to all international countries |
30-day money-back guarantee |
Overview
Hemp Bombs offer CBD Oil Tinctures that come in a 30ml bottle containing 750mg of CBD. They provide a wide range of flavors perfect for those that have a knack for sweets. Consumers can safely intake this because it’s free of chemicals and pesticides. Hemp Bombs also offer a 20% off on products upon subscription.
10. Sunsoil CBD Oil Drops, Chocolate Mint Flavor
cbdc overall score
3.6
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Sunsoil CBD is committed to providing high-quality products at an affordable cost. |
Product selection is limited. |
The company tests its products thrice before making them available to the public. |
The company uses lipid extraction methods. |
From cultivation to packaging, everything is done in Sunsoil CBD grounds. |
|
Organic and sustainable farming is at the company’s core. |
Overview
The flavor profile is refreshingly sweet, and it balances well with the higher CBD concentration. Promotes the absorption of CBD into your blood circulation.
How CBD Works to Help With Panic Attacks
CBD interacts with the endocannabinoid system (ECS). The ECS is a unique system that maintains our body’s homeostasis or biological balance in response to environmental changes(1).
The ECS regulates physiological function, including mood, cognition, and chronic pain perception. Experts believe that the system can modulate these functions through its cannabinoid receptors(2).
Studies suggest that cannabidiol (CBD) activates the 5-HT1A serotonin receptors in several brain regions(3). This particular type of receptor contributes to the action mechanism of antidepressant and anti-anxiety drugs(4).
In addition to serotonin chemical structures, CBD engages the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors of the ECS(5). Both receptors are linked to the ECS’s involvement in neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly depression and anxiety(6).
CB1 and CB2 are the primary types of receptors found in specific parts of the human body. These receptors have unique roles in the ECS.
The brain and the central nervous system contain most CB1 receptors. However, they are also located in the reproductive organs, liver, lungs, retina, and gastrointestinal and urinary tracts(7).
CB1 receptors affect memory processing, appetite, motor regulation, pain sensation, sleep, and mood(8).
The activation of CB1 receptors is linked to neuroprotective responses, suggesting that cannabinoids with a higher affinity for CB1 receptors may help with neurodegenerative conditions.
Neurodegenerative diseases are effects of miscommunications between brain cells, resulting in neuron death. Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis are among these neurodegenerative conditions.
Meanwhile, cells in the immune system and associated structures are the primary locations for CB2 receptors.
Triggering CB2 receptors stimulates a response that reduces pain, fights inflammation, and minimizes tissue damage.
These anti-inflammatory responses may help treat conditions linked to inflammation, including chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), arthritis, Crohn’s disease, and inflammatory bowel syndrome(9).
Researchers suggest that CBD’s purported anti-panic effects result from its interaction with various receptors in the body(10).
How to Use CBD for Panic Attacks
You may take CBD for panic attacks in the form of edibles or capsules. These consumable forms may include CBD gummies, CBD brownies, and CBD tablets. This method of consuming CBD is more straightforward than other methods.
Another way to administer CBD is the sublingual method, suitable for a more controlled CBD intake. With this option, you would take the calibrated dropper included in CBD tincture products and apply a few drops of CBD oil under your tongue.
Leave the oil under your tongue for about 90 seconds before swallowing. This holding period allows your mucous membranes to absorb the tincture, so you feel CBD’s supposed anti-anxiety properties.
Some CBD companies sell CBD topical products, such as balms, salves, creams, and lotions. You may include CBD topicals in massage therapies for relaxation to improve therapeutic massage effectiveness for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)(11).
Meanwhile, you may prefer to inhale CBD through flavored or unflavored vaping products. This method is an ideal option to avoid the natural, earthy flavor of pure CBD oil and choose peppermint or fruity flavors.
Vaping also gets CBD in your system quickly through your lungs. However, note that CBD vapes may worsen lung disorders (12).
Thus, when using CBD for panic attacks for the first time, be sure to seek medical advice from a licensed physician. When buying CBD products, we recommend getting advice from a doctor with significant experience in CBD and cannabis product usage.
How Soon Does It Take to Feel CBD’s Effects for Panic Attacks?
The time it takes for CBD to relieve panic attacks may depend on how the CBD product is used.
Taking CBD by Mouth
When you take CBD orally, you might ingest it in the form of food, drink, capsules, or gummies. These are straightforward ways to take CBD oil, especially if you are a beginner.
You can absorb CBD directly into your bloodstream by holding the liquid from a spray or tincture sublingually for 60 to 120 seconds.
You may find CBD oil’s natural flavor unpleasant through sublingual administration. However, you will be able to feel the effects of CBD within 15 to 45 minutes, which may last for 4 to 6 hours(13).
If you prefer quick results and maximum dosage control, consider CBD oil tinctures or drops as your practical option.
Topical CBD Application
CBD topicals, such as CBD creams and CBD transdermal patches, work instantly after rubbing the product onto your skin.
You can also apply topical CBD oil alone or combine the product with cream or lotion(14). If you combine CBD topicals with massage therapy, you can ideally feel relief in about 15 minutes(15).
When you apply CBD topically, the CBD can avoid interacting with the ECS as a whole. Instead, it targets localized clusters of cannabinoid receptors.
However, determining whether the relieving properties of a CBD topical product comes from CBD or another ingredient is difficult. Topical products might include other common over-the-counter ingredients, such as camphor, menthol, or capsaicin.
Inhaling CBD
When using a vape pen to inhale CBD vape juices, you will feel its anti-anxiety effects within minutes, which will keep you steady between three to five hours after inhalation(16).
However, the precise amount of CBD you get in each draw of CBD vapes is challenging to determine.
Still, inhaling CBD vapors may be the quickest way to get CBD into your body. CBD does not go through your digestive system since you allow CBD to enter your bloodstream through your lungs.
However, a 2018 study published in Molecules indicated the primary limitations of inhaling: the variability in your inhalation techniques and respiratory tract irritation upon inhalation(17).
You must also consider the potential adverse effects of vaping, including chemical irritation or immune or allergic reactions to various chemicals or other foreign substances in the vapors you inhale (18).
How to Choose CBD for Panic Attacks
CBD is not approved as a supplement for treating panic disorders, according to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)(19).
Still, you may choose from the three forms of CBD currently available on the market: full-spectrum CBD, broad-spectrum CBD, and CBD isolates.
Full-spectrum CBD oil contains all of the natural compounds present in Cannabis sativa plants, from terpenes and flavonoids to cannabinoids, including tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
Quality full-spectrum hemp extract contains a high cannabidiol content and only low amounts of the other compounds.
CBD oil that contains all of cannabis’ naturally occurring chemical compounds produce the “entourage effect.” This process involves combining all the components of cannabis plants to have synergistic effects in aiding anxiety disorders and mood disorders(20).
To obtain full-spectrum CBD, manufacturers make industrial hemp plants undergo extraction methods, such as steam distillation, CO2 extraction, or alcohol extraction. Manufacturers then mix the pure hemp oil with a carrier oil, such as hempseed oil or MCT oil.
Like full-spectrum CBD, the broad-spectrum CBD variant contains almost the same phytocannabinoids of full-spectrum products, except THC-free.
You may prefer broad-spectrum CBD over full-spectrum as the former does not contain the psychoactive THC compound.
Meanwhile, CBD isolate is the purest type of CBD on the market, which brands usually sell in crystalline or powdered form.
To obtain CBD isolate products, manufacturers remove all other hemp plants’ compounds during the extraction process, leaving only pure CBD.
Despite the different CBD types, you must only purchase the best quality products available to maximize the purported health benefits of CBD. Here are some tips to consider when choosing the best CBD oil for anxiety and panic attacks.
- Look for the CBD product’s certificate of analysis (COA) or third-party lab results. This document indicates that the item you selected has undergone thorough lab testing.
The COA indicates that the CBD product is of the highest quality and contains the exact specifications listed on the product label.
- Ensure that the COA confirms the absence of pesticides, chemical additives, heavy metals, residual solvents, and other harmful contaminants.
- Confirm whether the CBD product you plan to buy is derived from organic hemp. High-quality CBD products from organic hemp ensure that the amounts of THC are within the federal limit of less than 0.3%.
- Look up the CBD legalities within your home state and the brand’s manufacturing location. Some of the reputable CBD brands source their high potency CBD hemp from farms in Colorado, Kentucky, Oregon, and North Carolina.
- Consult your family health care professional before deciding to use CBD for alleviating panic disorder symptoms. We recommend consulting a medical practitioner with significant experience in medical cannabis and CBD usage.
- Avoid purchasing CBD products from companies that claim to sell CBD derived from the seeds and stalks of hemp plants. Non-GMO industrial hemp stalks have very little CBD content, while its seeds have no cannabidiol.
- Choose a CBD shop that offers a money-back guarantee for its products to ensure your satisfaction.
How Much CBD Should I Take for Panic Attacks?
There is no official guide that details the proper CBD dosage for panic attacks because the FDA has not approved CBD for panic disorders.
However, you may consider the common factors in determining the correct dosage for an individual, including the results you desire from the product, amount or mg of CBD in the product, and your body weight.
A 2017 report published by the World Health Organization mentioned that researchers analyzed a study where human subjects received up to 600mg CBD. They noted that the participants did not experience any adverse reactions after taking CBD, despite the high dose(21).
Another study reported that the chronic use of CBD oil, reaching as high as 1,500 mg a day, is safe for humans(22). This study involved an even higher dose of CBD intake and has recorded no harmful side effects among its participants.
Meanwhile, in a 2016 study published in The Permanente Journal, researchers noted that CBD supplements given in 12 mg to 25 mg doses once a day appears to relieve anxiety and sleep problems with minor side effects(23).
However, the researchers clarify that they do not have a foundation to suggest proper doses of CBD based on their existing data.
The subject of the 2016 study did not report any complaints or discomfort upon using CBD. Still, despite CBD’s purported safeness(24), further large-scale prospective studies are necessary to develop a generalized CBD dosing for those with panic attacks.
Benefits of Using CBD for Panic Attacks
You may attribute CBD’s potential to help with panic attacks to its anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) properties(25).
In 2015, the journal Neurotherapeutics published a study that presented CBD as a potential treatment for neuropsychiatric conditions, including panic disorder(26).
Researchers noted that a systemic CBD administration conducted in animal model studies helped reduce rapid heart rate and blood pressure. The researchers also observed a decrease in the anxiety-inducing effects of stress among the subjects(27).
Furthermore, the authors supported CBD’s potential as a treatment for anxiety disorders based on its anti-anxiety and panicolytic (anti-panic) actions.
The results in both human and animal studies support the concept that cannabidiol exhibits anti-panic properties. However, more longitudinal research needs to link CBD to panic disorders to validate health claims.
Risks of Using CBD for Panic Attacks
Despite the promising results from existing studies, there is minimal evidence that supports claims highlighting CBD as a viable treatment for panic attacks or any debilitating conditions.
Although the World Health Organization (WHO) says that CBD is “generally well-tolerated with a good safety profile(28),” the FDA still does not approve the marketing of CBD oil as dietary supplements or medicine for any condition(29).
The FDA ensures the safety of human and animal drugs to protect public health(30). The agency has approved Epidiolex as a CBD treatment for children with seizures associated with Dravet syndrome or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, two rare forms of epilepsy.
With significant scientific evidence, Epidiolex is the first and only FDA-approved narcotic derived from marijuana plants(31).
However, note that using CBD for panic attacks may induce side effects, including fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, drowsiness, and appetite changes (32).
CBD also has the risk of interacting with certain medications or supplements that you may already be taking(33).
Legality of CBD
There are currently only 47 out of the 50 states in the USA where you can use CBD legally on a federal level. Each state has varying degrees of regulation for using CBD(34).
If you plan to travel with CBD, you may only do so between states that share similar CBD restrictions.
You would typically associate CBD’s legality in the US with the 2018 Farm Bill or the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018(35). This law differentiated hemp plants from marijuana plants by redefining hemp as cannabis with less than 0.3% THC on a dry weight basis.
Marijuana plants are cannabis plants with more than the established limit. Cannabis sativa plants may come in hemp and marijuana varieties.
With hemp plants’ declassification as marijuana plants, the 1970 Federal Controlled Substances Act no longer covers them in its Schedule I category(36).
Before Congress passed the 2018 Farm Bill, both industrial hemp and marijuana plants were Schedule I drugs. Schedule I drugs consist of potentially abusive or addictive substances without any officially recognized health benefits.
Apart from hemp plants’ redefinition based on their THC content, the 2018 Farm Bill granted FDA the authority to regulate CBD’s circulation on the market(37). The agency penalizes CBD companies that use CBD’s unproven health benefits to sell CBD products.
Cannabis plants have many components, from terpenes, fatty acids, flavonoids, and cannabinoids. CBD and THC are present in both hemp and marijuana plants because they are the most abundant cannabinoids in cannabis plants.
The psychoactive properties of THC make people experience “getting high.” This euphoric effect is a critical factor in the legality of CBD products.
CBD oil with the federally legal limit of 0.3% THC by dry weight does not produce euphoria, yet you can still benefit from cannabis plants’ purported benefits.
Although the 2018 Farm Bill relaxed the legal restrictions of producing, manufacturing, and owning hemp-derived CBD products, state laws are the primary authority in drug-related offenses, meaning local laws may supersede the federal law(38).
Product Frequently
Asked Questions
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How can CBD help with panic attacks?
Cannabidiol interacts with the endocannabinoid system, which maintains biological balance in the body(39). Research suggests that CBD oil activates several receptors to bring about its potential to stop symptoms of anxiety and panic attacks(40).
The time it takes for CBD to take effect varies on the method of administration. For example, inhaling CBD vapors may help you immediately feel CBD’s anti-anxiety properties(41).
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What evidence or research exists to say that CBD helps with panic attacks?
The journal Neurotherapeutics published a study in 2015, which supported CBD as a potential treatment for neuropsychiatric medical conditions, including panic disorder(42).
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Is there any evidence that using CBD oil can make panic attacks worse?
Existing research linking CBD to anxiety and panic treatments shows no complaints from subjects who participated in a clinical trial assessing CBD oil’s effectiveness for pediatric anxiety and insomnia related to post-traumatic stress disorder(43).
Still, drug interactions remain a possibility with CBD products and other medications(44).
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Will CBD interact with any current medication I may be taking for panic attacks?
Cannabidiol may alter the way a drug works, leading to adverse reactions(45). This possibility puts people who take panic attack or anxiety medications at risk of experiencing drug interactions when consuming CBD.
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Are there other treatments I should consider alongside CBD to help with panic attacks?
Professionals at the National Institute of Mental Health recommend either psychotherapy or prescription medications as a conventional treatment for patients with social anxiety disorders (46). If you intend to include CBD with any of these treatments, be sure to consult with your medical practitioner first.
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Can I fail a drug test if I use CBD for panic attacks?
Cannabidiol does not show up on a drug test, unlike THC. If you take CBD for panic attacks, consider the best CBD oils for anxiety panic attacks from brands we have collected here.
High-quality products contain THC within the 0.3% limit. However, the volume of THC you consume may accumulate with frequent use.
Accumulated amounts may be detected on a drug test(47). Thus, you should remain cautious when taking CBD products with THC, especially with a scheduled drug test.
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What is the CBD dosage for panic attacks?
There is no standard dosage for how much CBD you should take for panic attacks since the FDA has not approved CBD for panic disorders or different types of anxiety (generalized anxiety disorder, public speaking anxiety).
However, a study reported that chronic use of CBD oil, reaching as high as 1,500 mg a day, is safe for humans(48).
- UCLA Health. Human Endocannabinoid System. Retrieved from: https://www.uclahealth.org/cannabis/human-endocannabinoid-system.
- Stampanoni Bassi M, Gilio L, Maffei P, et al. Exploiting the Multifaceted Effects of Cannabinoids on Mood to Boost Their Therapeutic Use Against Anxiety and Depression. Front Mol Neurosci. 2018;11:424. Published 2018 Nov 20. doi:10.3389/fnmol.2018.00424
- Soares VP, Campos AC. Evidences for the Anti-panic Actions of Cannabidiol. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2017;15(2):291-299. doi:10.2174/1570159×14666160509123955
- Guzman, F (2019, June 27). 5-HT1A Receptors in Psychopharmacology. Retrieved from: https://psychopharmacologyinstitute.com/publication/5-ht1a-receptors-in-psychopharmacology-2123.
- Soares VP, Campos AC. op. cit.
- Micale V, Di Marzo V, Sulcova A, Wotjak CT, Drago F. Endocannabinoid system and mood disorders: priming a target for new therapies. Pharmacol Ther. 2013;138(1):18-37. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.12.002
- Reggio PH. Endocannabinoid binding to the cannabinoid receptors: what is known and what remains unknown. Curr Med Chem. 2010;17(14):1468–1486. DOI:10.2174/092986710790980005.
- ECHO. (2017, April 18). Retrieved from https://echoconnection.org/look-endocannabinoid-systems-cb1-cb2-receptors/.
- Turcotte C, Blanchet MR, Laviolette M, Flamand N. The CB2 receptor and its role as a regulator of inflammation. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2016;73(23):4449–4470. DOI:10.1007/s00018-016-2300-4.
- Soares VP, Campos AC. op. cit.
- Sherman, K. J., Ludman, E. J., Cook, A. J., Hawkes, R. J., Roy-Byrne, P. P., Bentley, S., Brooks, M. Z., & Cherkin, D. C. (2010). Effectiveness of therapeutic massage for generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Depression and anxiety, 27(5), 441–450. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20671
- Chand HS, Muthumalage T, Maziak W, Rahman I. Pulmonary Toxicity and the Pathophysiology of Electronic Cigarette, or Vaping Product, Use Associated Lung Injury. Front Pharmacol. 2020;10:1619. Published 2020 Jan 14. doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.01619
- Arthritis Foundation. CBD for Arthritis Pain: What You Should Know. Retrieved from https://www.arthritis.org/health-wellness/healthy-living/managing-pain/pain-relief-solutions/cbd-for-arthritis-pain.
- Freeman, J. (2019, Oct 4). Does CBD Oil Really Help Treat Arthritis Pain? Retrieved from https://www.rheumatoidarthritis.org/cbd-oil/.
- Taskar, P., Adelli, G., Patil, A., Lakhani, P., Ashour, E., Gul, W., ElSohly, M., & Majumdar, S. (2019). Analog Derivatization of Cannabidiol for Improved Ocular Permeation. Journal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics : the official journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 35(5), 301–310. https://doi.org/10.1089/jop.2018.0141
- Bruni, N., Della Pepa, C., Oliaro-Bosso, S., Pessione, E., Gastaldi, D., & Dosio, F. (2018). Cannabinoid Delivery Systems for Pain and Inflammation Treatment. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 23(10), 2478. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102478
- Bruni N, Della Pepa C, Oliaro-Bosso S, Pessione E, Gastaldi D, Dosio F. Cannabinoid Delivery Systems for Pain and Inflammation Treatment. Molecules. 2018;23(10):2478. Published 2018 Sep 27. DOI:10.3390/molecules23102478.
- Shmerling, R. (2019, Dec 10). Can vaping damage your lungs? What we do (and don’t) know. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/can-vaping-damage-your-lungs-what-we-do-and-dont-know-2019090417734.
- FDA Regulation of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Products, Including Cannabidiol (CBD). U.S. Food & Drug Association. 2020 Oct 1. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-including-cannabidiol-cbd
- Ferber, S.G., Namdar, D., Hen-Shoval, D., Eger, G., Koltai, H., Shoval, G., Shbiro, L., Weller, A. (2020). The “Entourage Effect”: Terpenes Coupled with Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Mood Disorders and Anxiety Disorders. PubMed Central (PMC). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7324885/
- World Health Organization (2017, November). CANNABIDIOL (CBD) Pre-Review Report. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/medicines/access/controlled-substances/5.2_CBD.pdf.
- Bergamaschi MM, Queiroz RH, Zuardi AW, Crippa JA. Safety and side effects of cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent. Curr Drug Saf. 2011;6(4):237-249. doi:10.2174/157488611798280924
- Shannon S, Opila-Lehman J. Effectiveness of Cannabidiol Oil for Pediatric Anxiety and Insomnia as Part of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Case Report. Perm J. 2016;20(4):16-005. DOI:10.7812/TPP/16-005.
- Bergamaschi, M. M., Queiroz, R. H., Zuardi, A. W., & Crippa, J. A. (2011). Safety and side effects of cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent. Current drug safety, 6(4), 237–249. https://doi.org/10.2174/157488611798280924
- Schier AR, Ribeiro NP, Silva AC, et al. Cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent, as an anxiolytic drug. Braz J Psychiatry. 2012;34 Suppl 1:S104-S110. doi:10.1590/s1516-44462012000500008
- Blessing EM, Steenkamp MM, Manzanares J, Marmar CR. Cannabidiol as a Potential Treatment for Anxiety Disorders. Neurotherapeutics. 2015;12(4):825-836. doi:10.1007/s13311-015-0387-1
- Ibid.
- WHO. Expert Committee on Drug Dependence. (2017, Nov 6-10). Cannabidiol (CBD). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/medicines/access/controlled-substances/5.2_CBD.pdf
- FDA Regulation of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Products, Including Cannabidiol (CBD). U.S. Food & Drug Administration. 2020 October 1. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-including-cannabidiol-cbd
- What We Do. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. 2018 March 28. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/what-we-do
- FDA Approves First Drug Comprised of an Active Ingredient Derived from Marijuana to Treat Rare, Severe Forms of Epilepsy. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. 2020 March 27. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-drug-comprised-active-ingredient-derived-marijuana-treat-rare-severe-forms
- Machado Bergamaschi, M., Helena Costa Queiroz, R., Waldo Zuardi, A., & Crippa, A. S. (2011). Safety and side effects of cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent. Current drug safety, 6(4), 237-249.
- Schmerling, R. (2020). Does CBD help with arthritis pain? Harvard Health Publishing. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/does-cbd-help-with-arthritis-pain-2020041019418
- Hemppedia (2019, May 31). Is CBD legal in all 50 states? – The complete 2020 Guide Retrieved from https://hemppedia.org/cbd-oil-legal-us/
- Farm Bill. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved from https://www.usda.gov/farmbill
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