Best CBD for Kidney Stones
Severe pain in the lower back, nausea, vomiting, and cloudy urine are signs of kidney stones. CBD Clinicals offers information on how CBD’s potential health benefits may help with symptoms of kidney stones.
Best CBD for Kidney Stones 2024
- Spruce 750mg Lab Grade CBD Oil Editor's Pick
- NuLeaf Naturals 900mg Full Spectrum Hemp CBD Oil Best Organic
- Spruce 2400mg Lab Grade CBD Oil Editor's Pick
- Avida Full Spectrum CBD Oil Tincture 500mg Best Seller
- cbdMD CBD Oil Tincture Natural 1500mg Best Natural Alternative
- CBDistillery THC Free CBD Oil Tinctures Best THC-Free
- cbdMD CBD Oil Tincture Natural 750mg Best Customer Rated
- NuLeaf Naturals 300mg Full Spectrum Hemp CBD Oil Best Starter
- Hemp Bombs 750mg CBD Oil Best Flavor Range
- Royal CBD Full Spectrum CBD Oil Most Transparent
Compare The Best CBD for Kidney Stones For 2022
Best CBD for Kidney Stones
1. Spruce 750mg Lab Grade CBD Oil
cbdc overall score
4.8
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Mid-strength | No other flavors |
Natural peppermint flavor | |
Made from 100% organic and natural ingredients |
Overview
Each bottle of the 750mg CBD oil tincture contains 25mg of CBD per dropper full. The oil is peppermint flavor to mask any unpleasant tastes related to CBD.
2. NuLeaf Naturals 900mg Full Spectrum Hemp CBD Oil
cbdc overall score
5.0
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Pure CBD hemp | No other flavors |
All natural | |
Approximately 300 drops total |
Overview
Natural remedy for various illnesses. NuLeaf Naturals’ CBD oil is a whole-plant extract containing a full spectrum of naturally occurring synergistic cannabinoids and terpenes.
3. Spruce 2400mg Lab Grade CBD Oil
cbdc overall score
5.0
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Extra Strength | Tastes bitter |
No artificial flavoring or colors | No THC-free option |
Made from 100% organic and natural ingredients |
Overview
The largest bottle of CBD oil that Spruce offers contains 2,400mg of CBD. This is full-spectrum CBD oil, which is the maximum possible potency. Each high potency dropper full contains 80mg of CBD. There are no flavorings in it, which allows for the most CBD to fit in the 30ml bottle.
4. Avida Full Spectrum CBD Oil Tincture 500mg
cbdc overall score
4.6
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Light Spearmint flavor | No other flavor |
Non-THC, Non-detected in drug test |
Overview
Avida Extracts Full Spectrum CBD oil is the latest iteration of the brand’s advanced Avida CORE Spectrum technology. They use a proprietary full spectrum blend, resulting in the highest naturally occurring Phyto-cannabinoids and Terpenes with THC (<0.3) to support your health.
5. cbdMD CBD Oil Tincture Natural 1500mg
cbdc overall score
4.7
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Various delicious flavors to choose from | cbdMD uses MCT as its carrier oil so individuals who are allergic with coconuts should consider other brand options |
Has vegan, organic, and gluten-free ingredients | |
Free shipping for this particular product within USA | |
World-class customer service team |
Overview
cbdMD’s CBD oil tinctures are made using only CBD sourced from medical hemp and MCT oil as a carrier oil. Tinctures are offered in orange, mint, natural, and berry flavors. Safe for daily use, the oil tinctures are packaged with a built-in rubber dropper to adjust CBD dosage easily. The packaging is made to be easy to transport and discreet to use.
6. CBDistillery THC Free CBD Oil Tinctures
cbdc overall score
4.4
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
60-Day Satisfaction Guarantee | Dropper is a bit shaky |
Various strengths | |
Oil extracted from aerial plant parts of US grown industrial hemp | |
Sourced from non-GMO industrial hemp grown in the USA through natural farming practices |
Overview
CBDistillery’s Isolate CBD Oil Tinctures harness the power of pure CBD. CBD Isolate Oil Tinctures include 0.0% THC. When you use CBDistillery CBD Isolate Oil Tinctures, you can be assured you’re using the highest quality CBD on the market.
7. NuLeaf Naturals 300mg Full Spectrum Hemp CBD Oil
cbdc overall score
4.6
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Pure CBD hemp | No other flavors |
All natural | A bit pricey compared to competitors |
Approximately 100 drops total |
Overview
This is one of several concentrations from NuLeaf Naturals. As the lowest concentration, it is the company’s best option for those new to CBD oil. The product is lab-tested and fully organic. It is full-spectrum, so it contains THC in small quantities.
8. cbdMD CBD Oil Tincture Natural 750mg
cbdc overall score
4.4
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Vegan and Gluten free | Does not ship internationally |
Has a third-party lab test | |
Wide variety of CBD strengths and sizes |
Overview
A 750mg bottle of cbdMD’s Broad Spectrum Oil Tincture does not contain THC. It also has a fairly wide flavor range which is perfect for those who prefer other taste. Vegan consumers are considered since cbdMD offers Vegan products. Aside from all of that, another reason why people love cbdMD is because it’s free from harmful chemicals.
9. Hemp Bombs 750mg CBD Oil
cbdc overall score
3.9
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Wide variety of flavors | Incomplete information about the product |
Lab test results are complete | Does not ship to all international countries |
30-day money-back guarantee |
Overview
Hemp Bombs offer CBD Oil Tinctures that come in a 30ml bottle containing 750mg of CBD. They provide a wide range of flavors perfect for those that have a knack for sweets. Consumers can safely intake this because it’s free of chemicals and pesticides. Hemp Bombs also offer a 20% off on products upon subscription.
10. Royal CBD Full Spectrum CBD Oil
cbdc overall score
3.7
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Rich in phytochemicals including CBD, CBC, CBG, and a variety of flavorful terpenes | Shipping not specified on website |
More flavors to choose from | 3rd party lab result is currently not available on website |
Extracts contain a whole array of cannabinoids and terpenes from the hemp plant — rather than pure CBD isolate |
Overview
Excellent products and superb customer service. Whenever you want to ask them about the dosage, recommended consumption methods, or which CBD oil will work best for you, just give them a call, send them a message, or get in touch with their social media channels. They won’t leave you with any unanswered questions.
How CBD May Help With Kidney Stones
The mentioned benefits of CBD may offer relief for individuals suffering from symptoms of kidney stones(1).
Cannabidiol, more popularly called CBD, is one of the many active chemical compounds present in the cannabis plant(2). This compound may interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system (ECS)(3).
The ECS consists of various cannabinoid receptors, including CB1 and CB2 receptors located in the nervous and immune systems.
The interaction of CBD and these two receptors may produce analgesic (pain-relieving) and anti-inflammatory benefits(4). These characteristics may help with pain due to kidney stones.
Poor diet, excess body weight, certain medications or supplements, or some medical disorder can cause kidney stones to form. An individual’s urine may become concentrated, crystallizing minerals and chemicals(5).
A small kidney stone as small as a grain of sand may remain or move out of the kidney while causing minimal pain and discomfort. However, some stones as large as a pebble or even a golf ball can block some parts of the urinary system and cause extreme pain(6).
Acute renal colic is characterized by severe pain caused by the presence of a kidney stone in the urinary system(7).
Meanwhile, studies have noted how CB1 and CB2 receptors in the ECS play essential roles in renal function and dysfunction(8).
Other symptoms of kidney stones are severe lower back pain, nausea and vomiting, fever, or foul-smelling urine that may appear bloody or cloudy(9).
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen and naproxen are often administered for pain relief to individuals with kidney stones(10).
On the other hand, research has shown that cannabidiol (CBD) may contain pain-relieving properties that may help deal with chronic pain(11). The compound may also possess anti-nausea and antiemetic (anti-vomiting) benefits(12).
CBD may also interact with 5-HT1A receptors, commonly named serotonin receptors(13). Serotonin, the chemical hormone that regulates mood, may help with nausea and vomiting(14).
Benefits of Using CBD for Kidney Stones
A recent study indicated that topically applied CBD provided considerable pain relief for individuals suffering from chronic back pain(15).
Kidney stones may induce severe lower back pain(16).
Additionally, a British Journal of Pharmacology study suggested that CBD may possess therapeutic effects that may reduce nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy or other medical treatments(17).
Nausea and vomiting are common symptoms associated with kidney stones(18).
According to 2019 research, opioids are prescribed to individuals suffering from pain around the kidney area due to kidney stones. Opioid use is prevalent among people who have a history of kidney stones(19).
However, potent pain medications like opioids are linked to adverse side effects such as confusion, nausea, slowed breathing, addiction, and physical dependence(20).
Meanwhile, CBD may possess anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties that may help with various medical conditions(21).
In addition, a review from the World Health Organization states that CBD is not linked with addiction or substance abuse(22).
Choosing the CBD Product Type to Use for Kidney Stones
When choosing a CBD product, consider the severity of your medical condition, the form of CBD you prefer, the type of CBD extract, and carrier oil.
CBD Administration Methods
CBD oil tinctures are taken sublingually or under the tongue with the help of a dropper or oromucosal spray. After administering the compound, individuals should wait for one to two minutes before swallowing(23).
Edibles such as CBD gummies and capsules are administered through ingestion. The compound passes through the digestive tract before entering the bloodstream(24).
Meanwhile, smoking or inhaling CBD using vape pens is the quickest method for individuals to feel the benefits of the compound(25).
However, caution should be exercised when considering vaping due to the health risks it is associated with, such as lung damage(26).
Lastly, topical CBD such as CBD creams and balms are usually for localized pain relief(27). This method may also be helpful for symptoms of kidney stones.
A case study stated that topically applied CBD cream delivered significant pain relief for individuals with lumbar compression fractures (injury caused by trauma)(28).
Lumbar compression fractures and kidney stones may cause back pain(29-30).
Still, you should first consult your doctor for recommendations on the best CBD product or supplement for kidney stones or any medical conditions.
CBD Extracts
The types of CBD oil extracts are:
- Broad-spectrum CBD oil
- Full-spectrum CBD oil
- CBD isolate
Broad-spectrum CBD oil contains compounds and cannabinoids such as cannabidiol, terpenes, and flavonoids(31). However, this type of oil does not contain any THC (tetrahydrocannabinol).
THC is a chemical compound of cannabis that produces psychoactive effects or the feeling of being high(32).
Terpenes give cannabis plants their unique scent. Flavonoids are plant compounds that may possess antiviral, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory health benefits(33).
Meanwhile, full-spectrum CBD oil contains all the cannabinoids and cannabis-derived compounds, including less than 0.3% THC concentration.
The presence of all the cannabis compounds in a full-spectrum CBD oil may deliver the entourage effect.
The entourage effect is the occurrence wherein all the active ingredients of cannabis plants work better when administered alongside each other(34).
Lastly, CBD isolates are pure CBD, usually in powder form. Isolates do not contain cannabinoids or compounds.
Individuals may opt for broad-spectrum CBD or CBD isolates if they prefer to feel CBD’s therapeutic effects without the psychoactive effects of THC.
Carrier Oils
Upon the extraction of CBD from the hemp plant, the compound is infused into a carrier oil like hempseed oil or MCT oil(35).
Note that the terms “hempseed oil” and “hemp oil” have considerable differences.
Hempseed oil is from pressed seeds of hemp. Hempseed oil is also rich in fatty acids but does not have CBD(36).
Hemp oil, a term often used to refer to CBD oil, is an essential oil from the flowers and leaves of hemp plants.
CBD Dosage for Kidney Stones
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not authorize the use of CBD to treat any medical conditions(37). Thus, there is no set CBD dosage for kidney stones.
Research on the safety and side effects of CBD suggests that the human body may tolerate up to 1,500mg of CBD each day(38).
Nonetheless, it is advisable to talk to a medical professional for advice on a suitable CBD dosage for kidney stones or any medical illness.
How Long Does CBD Take to Help Kidney Stones?
The administration method and CBD form may determine how long the compound takes to affect the human body.
Due to the compound’s direct entrance to the bloodstream, CBD tinctures have an onset time of 15 to 30 minutes(39). CBD topicals like creams and balms have the same onset time(40).
Meanwhile, edibles such as CBD gummies and capsules have an onset time of 30 minutes to 90 minutes(41).
Lastly, vaping CBD offers the fastest onset time of 2 to 15 minutes(42). However, it is essential to remember that vaping may cause detrimental effects to your health, such as pulmonary disease(43).
Talk to a medical expert before taking CBD oil for kidney stones.
How Long Will CBD Help With Kidney Stones?
There are no studies that determine the duration of the effects of CBD in the system.
Cannabidiol may linger in the body depending on dosage, the frequency of use, and administration method(44).
Is It Safe to Take CBD With Kidney Stones?
Currently, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved CBD to treat kidney stones.
For the safety of consumers, the attorney general (AG) in the United States has encouraged the FDA to perform extensive studies on how cannabis compounds work, especially the interaction between the compounds and other drugs(45).
Nevertheless, CBD has been reported to be safe and well tolerated by the body(46). Still, individuals with kidney stones should seek the advice of a medical professional first before taking CBD for their symptoms.
Risks and Side Effects of Using CBD for Kidney Stones
In general, taking CBD may cause minor side effects such as(47):
- Appetite loss
- Fatigue
- Dry mouth
- Drowsiness
People who suffer from kidney stones are given prescription medications such as opioids or over-the-counter (OTC) pain relievers like ibuprofen(48).
However, CBD may interact with certain medications and induce side effects such as increased drowsiness, tiredness, accidental falls, and hazards when driving(49).
Inform your physician before taking CBD products alongside any prescription medication.
Legality of CBD
The passing of the 2018 Farm Bill made CBD products containing less than 0.3% THC federally legal in the United States(50).
Still, it is essential to verify state laws before purchasing and traveling with CBD products.
Overview of Kidney Stones
Causes of Kidney Stones
Determining the type of kidney stone is vital to finding out the cause and treatment plans for reducing kidney stone symptoms.
The different types of kidney stones are(51):
- Calcium stones: Most common kidney stones are made from calcium oxalate. This substance is absorbed from your diet or produced by the liver. High doses of vitamin D, certain fruits and vegetables, and specific migraine medication may increase the risk of oxalate in urine.
- Cystine stones: These are formed due to a hereditary disorder called cystinuria which causes kidneys to eliminate amino acids.
- Struvite stones: These stones form due to a urinary tract infection and grow large fast with little to no symptoms on the body.
- Uric acid stones: Uric acid stones are formed due to the loss of too much fluid or chronic diarrhea. Individuals with high-protein diets or diabetes have high risks for these types of stones.
Symptoms of Kidney Stones
Sometimes kidney stones will not cause any symptoms. However, if a stone becomes stuck in the ureter (the tube that connects the kidneys to the bladder) and blocks urine flow, this may cause pain and inflammation of the kidneys and ureter(52).
Other symptoms of kidney stones include(53):
- Severe pain in the back, side, and lower ribs
- Pain at the groin and lower abdomen
- Nausea and vomiting
- Burning sensation while urinating
- Foul-smelling and unnaturally colored (red, pink, or brown) urine
Alternative Treatment for Kidney Stones
Treatment for kidney stones may differ depending on the cause and type of stone.
Most small kidney stones do not need invasive surgeries or serious medical interventions if such conditions have minimal symptoms.
Individuals may be able to pass a small stone by(54):
- Drinking water: Drinking water may dilute urine and prevent the formation of kidney stones.
- Taking pain relievers: Passing a kidney stone may induce discomfort. Doctors can recommend medications like naproxen sodium or ibuprofen for pain management.
- Taking alpha-blockers: This type of medication relaxes the ureter muscles, helping the body pass the kidney stone faster and with minimal pain.
- Taking potassium citrate: Doctors can also suggest potassium citrate, which is a dietary supplement used to decrease urine stone or kidney stone reproduction(55).
You should first consult your doctor for a recommendation on the best supplement or medication to manage kidney stones.
If the kidney stones are too large or are causing kidney damage, bleeding, or urinary tract infections, doctors may suggest a more extensive approach, such as surgery(56).
Product Frequently
Asked Questions
-
How can CBD help with kidney stones?
Kidney stones may cause severe lower back pain, nausea, and vomiting(57).
Meanwhile, researchers examining CBD’s purported benefits noted that the compound may contain analgesic(58), anti-nausea, and antiemetic properties(59).
-
What evidence or research exists to say that CBD helps with kidney stones?
Kidney stone is linked to pain, nausea, and vomiting(60).
Studies suggest that CBD may reduce the feeling of nausea and vomiting of individuals undergoing chemotherapy(61).
CBD does not have any direct therapeutic benefits for kidneys. However, individuals with kidney disease may use cannabis for symptom control, such as relieving pain caused by the disease(62).
Opioids are potent painkillers prescribed to individuals with kidney stones(63). However, these drugs may cause physical dependence or addiction(64).
Meanwhile, a 2017 report on CBD has discussed that the compound is safe and non-addictive(65).
-
Is there any evidence that CBD can make kidney stones worse?
No current evidence suggests that CBD can negatively affect kidney function or kidney health(66). However, using CBD may induce side effects such as lightheadedness, sleepiness, and diarrhea(67).
Meanwhile, uric acid stones are most likely to form in individuals who experience an overt fluid loss due to chronic diarrhea(68).
Thus, it is crucial to consult your doctor before taking any CBD products for kidney stones.
-
Will CBD interact with any current medication I may be taking for kidney stones?
Opioids and ibuprofen are medications given to individuals with kidney stones(69).
However, CBD may interact with certain drugs and cause increased drowsiness, fatigue, accidental falls, and accidents when driving(70).
Consulting your doctor before taking CBD products alongside these medications is advised.
-
Are there other treatments I should consider alongside CBD to help with kidney stones?
Treating kidney stones may vary depending on their size. Small kidney stones may only require minimal medical attention. In some cases, taking pain relievers may help reduce pain and discomfort(71).
Medications such as alpha-blockers are used to relax the muscles in the ureter and allow the body to easily pass kidney stones(72).
Doctors may also offer dietary supplements. While these supplements may not get rid of kidney stones, they may help impede the production of the stones(73).
However, if the kidney stones are large and cause severe pain, doctors may suggest surgical procedures to deal with the medical issue(74).
-
Can I fail a drug test if I use CBD for kidney stones?
CBD does not contain any psychoactive properties, meaning it will not cause a euphoric high(75).
However, trace amounts of THC in CBD products may build up in the system after frequent use(76) and may result in a positive drug test.
-
What is the dosage for kidney stones?
The proper CBD dosage may vary depending on factors like an individual’s specific health condition, genetics, diet, and exercise(77).
- Kidney Stones https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/kidneystones
- The Endocannabinoid System, Our Universal Regulator https://www.jyi.org/2018-june/2018/6/1/the-endocannabinoid-system-our-universal-regulator
- The Endocannabinoid System, Our Universal Regulator https://www.jyi.org/2018-june/2018/6/1/the-endocannabinoid-system-our-universal-regulator
- CBD oil: What is it and how does it work? https://www.eehealth.org/blog/2019/09/cbd-oil/
- Kidney stones https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-stones/symptoms-causes/syc-20355755
- Kidney Stones https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/kidneystones
- Acute Renal Colic https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431091/
- Cannabinoid receptors in the kidney https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27367912/
- Kidney Stones https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/kidneystones
- OPIOIDS FOR ACUTE PAIN https://www.cdc.gov/opioids/patients/pdf/Acute-Pain-Get-The-Facts.pdf
- Cannabinoids in the management of difficult to treat pain https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2503660/
- Regulation of nausea and vomiting by cannabinoids https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21175589/
- Cannabidiol modulates serotonergic transmission and reverses both allodynia and anxiety-like behavior in a model of neuropathic pain https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30157131/
- Nausea and vomiting https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18321441/
- Cannabidiol (CBD) as a treatment of acute and chronic back pain: A case series and literature review https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32421842/
- Kidney Stones https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/kidneystones
- Regulation of nausea and vomiting by cannabinoids https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3165951/
- Kidney Stones https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/kidneystones
- Kidney Stones and Risk of Narcotic Use https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30829133/
- Opioid complications and side effects https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18443635/
- A Balanced Approach for Cannabidiol Use in Chronic Pain https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7204604/
- CANNABIDIOL (CBD) Pre-Review Report, page14 https://www.who.int/medicines/access/controlled-substances/5.2_CBD.pdf
- Healing with CBD. page. 205 https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AGlxnhS2SoFeOXEuysv75bd_C9pEnwsU/view
- Healing with CBD. page. 202 https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AGlxnhS2SoFeOXEuysv75bd_C9pEnwsU/view
- How to Safely Use CBD: Should You Inhale, Spray, Apply, or Eat It? https://www.consumerreports.org/cbd/how-to-use-cbd-inhale-spray-apply-eat/
- Outbreak of Lung Injury Associated with the Use of E-Cigarette, or Vaping, Products https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/severe-lung-disease.html
- Healing with CBD. page. 210. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AGlxnhS2SoFeOXEuysv75bd_C9pEnwsU/view
- Cannabidiol (CBD) as a treatment of acute and chronic back pain: A case series and literature review https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32421842/
- Lumbar Compression Fracture https://www.physio-pedia.com/Lumbar_Compression_Fracture
- Kidney Stones https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15604-kidney-stones
- Cannabidiol Primer for Healthcare Professionals https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7340472/
- Cannabidiol (CBD) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556048/
- Flavonoids as antioxidants https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10924197/
- The “Entourage Effect”: Terpenes Coupled with Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Mood Disorders and Anxiety Disorders https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7324885/
- Healing With CBD, page 205. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AGlxnhS2SoFeOXEuysv75bd_C9pEnwsU/view
- Hemp Seed Oil Properties https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/hemp-seed-oil-properties.htm
- FDA Regulation of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Products, Including Cannabidiol (CBD) https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-including-cannabidiol-cbd
- Safety and side effects of cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22129319/
- Healing With CBD, page. 192 https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AGlxnhS2SoFeOXEuysv75bd_C9pEnwsU/view
- Healing With CBD, page. 193 https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AGlxnhS2SoFeOXEuysv75bd_C9pEnwsU/view
- page. 191.
- Best way to take CBD https://www.projectcbd.org/guidance/best-way-take-cbd
- Can vaping damage your lungs? What we do (and don’t) know https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/can-vaping-damage-your-lungs-what-we-doand-dont-know-2019090417734
- Healing With CBD, page. 195. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AGlxnhS2SoFeOXEuysv75bd_C9pEnwsU/view
- AG Racine Leads 37 Attorneys General Urging FDA to Partner with States to Protect Consumers of Cannibis-Derived Products https://oag.dc.gov/release/ag-racine-leads-37-attorneys-general-urging-fda
- Cannabinoid (CBD) Pre-Review Report, page 14. https://www.who.int/medicines/access/controlled-substances/5.2_CBD.pdf
- What are the benefits of CBD — and is it safe to use? https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/expert-answers/is-cbd-safe-and-effective/faq-20446700
- Opioids For Acute Pain Get The Facts https://www.cdc.gov/opioids/patients/pdf/Acute-Pain-Get-The-Facts.pdf
- CBD and other medications: Proceed with caution https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/cbd-and-other-medications-proceed-with-caution-2021011121743
- Hemp Production and the 2018 Farm Bill https://www.fda.gov/news-events/congressional-testimony/hemp-production-and-2018-farm-bill-07252019
- Kidney stones https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-stones/symptoms-causes/syc-20355755
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- Kidney stones https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-stones/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355759
- Potassium Citrate (Oral Route) https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/potassium-citrate-oral-route/side-effects/drg-20074773?p=1
- Kidney stones https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-stones/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355759
- Kidney Stones https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/kidneystones
- Cannabinoids in the management of difficult to treat pain https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2503660/
- Regulation of nausea and vomiting by cannabinoids https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21175589/
- Kidney stones https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-stones/symptoms-causes/syc-20355755
- Regulation of nausea and vomiting by cannabinoids https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21175589/
- The nephrologist’s guide to cannabis and cannabinoids https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7012334/
- Kidney Stones and Risk of Narcotic Use https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30829133/
- Opioid complications and side effects https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18443635/
- CANNABIDIOL (CBD) Pre-Review Report, page14 https://www.who.int/medicines/access/controlled-substances/5.2_CBD.pdf
- The nephrologist’s guide to cannabis and cannabinoids https://journals.lww.com/co nephrolhypertens/fulltext/2020/03000/the_nephrologist_s_guide_to_cannabis_and.15.aspx
- What are the benefits of CBD — and is it safe to use? https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/expert-answers/is-cbd-safe-and-effective/faq-20446700
- Kidney stones https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-stones/symptoms-causes/syc-20355755
- Opioids For Acute Pain Get The Facts https://www.cdc.gov/opioids/patients/pdf/Acute-Pain-Get-The-Facts.pdf
- CBD and other medications: Proceed with caution https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/cbd-and-other-medications-proceed-with-caution-2021011121743
- Kidney stones https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-stones/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355759
- Ibid.
- Potassium Citrate (Oral Route) https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/potassium-citrate-oral-route/side-effects/drg-20074773?p=1
- Kidney stones https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-stones/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355759
- Cannabidiol (CBD)-what we know and what we don’t https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/cannabidiol-cbd-what-we-know-and-what-we-dont-2018082414476
- Can You Take CBD and Pass a Drug Test? https://www.consumerreports.org/cbd/can-you-take-cbd-and-pass-a-drug-test/
- CBD dosing https://www.projectcbd.org/guidance/cbd-dosing