Best CBD Oil for Fertility
Are you or your partner having fertility issues that make it difficult for you to conceive? Here are some tips for finding the best CBD oil for fertility that may increase your conception rate.
Best CBD Oil for Fertility 2024
- Spruce 750mg Lab Grade CBD Oil Editor's Pick
- NuLeaf Naturals 900mg Full Spectrum Hemp CBD Oil Best Organic
- Spruce 2400mg Lab Grade CBD Oil Editor's Pick
- Avida Full Spectrum CBD Oil Tincture 500mg Best Seller
- cbdMD CBD Oil Tincture Natural 1500mg Best Natural Alternative
- CBDistillery THC Free CBD Oil Tinctures Best THC-Free
- cbdMD CBD Oil Tincture Natural 750mg Best Customer Rated
- NuLeaf Naturals 300mg Full Spectrum Hemp CBD Oil Best Starter
- Hemp Bombs 750mg CBD Oil Best Flavor Range
Compare the Best CBD Oil for Fertility in 2021
Best CBD Oil for Fertility
1. Spruce 750mg Lab Grade CBD Oil
cbdc overall score
4.8
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Mid-strength |
No other flavors |
Natural peppermint flavor |
|
Made from 100% organic and natural ingredients |
Overview
Each bottle of the 750mg CBD oil tincture contains 25mg of CBD per dropper full. The oil is peppermint flavor to mask any unpleasant tastes related to CBD.
2. NuLeaf Naturals 900mg Full Spectrum Hemp CBD Oil
cbdc overall score
5.0
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Pure CBD hemp |
No other flavors |
All natural |
|
Approximately 300 drops total |
Overview
Natural remedy for various illnesses. NuLeaf Naturals’ CBD oil is a whole-plant extract containing a full spectrum of naturally occurring synergistic cannabinoids and terpenes.
3. Spruce 2400mg Lab Grade CBD Oil
cbdc overall score
5.0
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Extra Strength |
Tastes bitter |
No artificial flavoring or colors |
No THC-free option |
Made from 100% organic and natural ingredients |
Overview
The largest bottle of CBD oil that Spruce offers contains 2,400mg of CBD. This is full-spectrum CBD oil, which is the maximum possible potency. Each high potency dropper full contains 80mg of CBD. There are no flavorings in it, which allows for the most CBD to fit in the 30ml bottle.
4. Avida Full Spectrum CBD Oil Tincture 500mg
cbdc overall score
4.6
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Light Spearmint flavor |
No other flavor |
Non-THC, Non-detected in drug test |
Overview
Avida Extracts Full Spectrum CBD oil is the latest iteration of the brand’s advanced Avida CORE Spectrum technology. They use a proprietary full spectrum blend, resulting in the highest naturally occurring Phyto-cannabinoids and Terpenes with THC (<0.3) to support your health.
5. cbdMD CBD Oil Tincture Natural 1500mg
cbdc overall score
4.7
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Various delicious flavors to choose from |
cbdMD uses MCT as its carrier oil so individuals who are allergic with coconuts should consider other brand options |
Has vegan, organic, and gluten-free ingredients |
|
Free shipping for this particular product within USA |
|
World-class customer service team |
Overview
cbdMD’s CBD oil tinctures are made using only CBD sourced from medical hemp and MCT oil as a carrier oil. Tinctures are offered in orange, mint, natural, and berry flavors. Safe for daily use, the oil tinctures are packaged with a built-in rubber dropper to adjust CBD dosage easily. The packaging is made to be easy to transport and discreet to use.
6. CBDistillery THC Free CBD Oil Tinctures
cbdc overall score
4.4
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
60-Day Satisfaction Guarantee |
Dropper is a bit shaky |
Various strengths |
|
Oil extracted from aerial plant parts of US grown industrial hemp |
|
Sourced from non-GMO industrial hemp grown in the USA through natural farming practices |
Overview
CBDistillery’s Isolate CBD Oil Tinctures harness the power of pure CBD. CBD Isolate Oil Tinctures include 0.0% THC. When you use CBDistillery CBD Isolate Oil Tinctures, you can be assured you’re using the highest quality CBD on the market.
7. NuLeaf Naturals 300mg Full Spectrum Hemp CBD Oil
cbdc overall score
4.6
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Pure CBD hemp |
No other flavors |
All natural |
A bit pricey compared to competitors |
Approximately 100 drops total |
Overview
This is one of several concentrations from NuLeaf Naturals. As the lowest concentration, it is the company’s best option for those new to CBD oil. The product is lab-tested and fully organic. It is full-spectrum, so it contains THC in small quantities.
8. cbdMD CBD Oil Tincture Natural 750mg
cbdc overall score
4.4
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Vegan and Gluten free |
Does not ship internationally |
Has a third-party lab test |
|
Wide variety of CBD strengths and sizes |
Overview
A 750mg bottle of cbdMD’s Broad Spectrum Oil Tincture does not contain THC. It also has a fairly wide flavor range which is perfect for those who prefer other taste. Vegan consumers are considered since cbdMD offers Vegan products. Aside from all of that, another reason why people love cbdMD is because it’s free from harmful chemicals.
9. Hemp Bombs 750mg CBD Oil
cbdc overall score
3.9
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Wide variety of flavors |
Incomplete information about the product |
Lab test results are complete |
Does not ship to all international countries |
30-day money-back guarantee |
Overview
Hemp Bombs offer CBD Oil Tinctures that come in a 30ml bottle containing 750mg of CBD. They provide a wide range of flavors perfect for those that have a knack for sweets. Consumers can safely intake this because it’s free of chemicals and pesticides. Hemp Bombs also offer a 20% off on products upon subscription.
How CBD Helps With Fertility
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) notes that emotional stress may increase the risk of infertility among women(1).
According to a 2014 study, cannabidiol (CBD) may improve psychological wellness by reducing depression and anxiety(2). Such mental health disorders may be associated with reduced conception(3) rate and infertility(4).
Meanwhile, another study reported that CBD may help attenuate fertility issues by interacting with the endocannabinoid system (ECS)(5).
A study hypothesized that the ECS dysregulation may lead to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), an ovulation disorder linked to female infertility(6).
PCOS may be caused by the decreased fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), an enzyme that breaks down anandamide (AEA).
Low AEA levels may cause a miscarriage(7), while high AEA levels may lead to the overproduction of oocytes (immature egg cells) to form multiple cysts in the ovaries(8).
Symptoms, such as irregular menstruation cycles and enlarged ovaries, may be associated with PCOS(9).
Meanwhile, cannabinoid receptors 2 (CB2 receptors) in the ovarian follicles may help AEA in oocyte maturation(10).
Furthermore, a study observed that CBD may bind to the cannabinoid receptors in reducing inflammation(11), another symptom associated with PCOS(12).
However, the excessive activation of cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB1 receptors) may cause insulin resistance for women with PCOS(13).
Women with endometriosis, another female reproductive tract-related disorder, may have a higher risk of infertility due to the formation of endometrial-like tissues outside the womb(14).
Those with endometriosis may experience inflammation and chronic pain in the pelvic region(15). These symptoms may be reduced by CBD(16).
A study reported that CBD oil may help in reducing pain and improve the mood of women with endometriosis(17).
As for males, a study suggested that the G-protein coupled receptors (GPR18) may activate an acrosome reaction (sperm penetration to fertilize the egg cell)(18).
However, CBD may negatively affect male fertility, such as the decreased sperm concentration, fertilization rate, and sexual behavior(19).
A study also hypothesized that CBD use may decrease motility and viability of sperm cells, leading to infertility(20).
In another study, it was noted that in vitro fertilization (IVF) increases the chances of conception(21). However, the researchers believe the procedure may increase the maternal death rate.
Clomiphene citrate, a drug used to increase sperm production, may cause side effects, such as weight gain, hair loss, gastrointestinal distress, gynecomastia (enlargement of male breasts)(22).
Individuals looking for a natural alternative may opt to use CBD oil to avoid the adverse effects of other fertility treatments.
However, it is essential to consider that CBD may produce different effects on the reproductive system of both sexes. The best course of action is to consult an obstetrician and gynecologist (OB/GYN) before using any CBD products.
Benefits of Using CBD for Fertility
CBD may provide health benefits that can help with conception.
Researchers reported that depression and anxiety may inhibit conception(23). CBD may help in attenuating these psychological disorders(24).
Studies suggested that infertility, such as PCOS, may be linked to ECS imbalance(25).
Meanwhile, CBD may activate and regulate the ECS receptors and enzymes. A study stated that CBD may modulate the ECS by regulating the oocyte formation and maturation, reducing the risk of PCOS(26).
The overproduction of oocytes may cause the enlargement of ovarian follicles, leading to infertility(27).
A study stated that CBD may interact with the ECS, particularly with the CB1 receptors, in maintaining the regular production of oocytes(28).
Another study also showed that fertility-related disorders, particularly endometriosis, may cause inflammation and pain(29).
Research has suggested that CBD may have anti-inflammatory and analgesic (pain relief) effects useful to endometriosis patients(30).
Risks and Side Effects of Using CBD for Fertility
Despite the purported CBD benefits for fertility, the compound may produce side effects, such as tiredness, dry mouth, fatigue, loss of appetite, drowsiness, and diarrhea(31).
Furthermore, CBD use may decrease the sperm count, fertilization rate, and sexual behavior of males(32).
CBD may also interact with other medications, including blood thinners(33) and insulin-related medications(34).
CBD may provide lesser adverse effects than IVF and clomiphene citrate. However, it is still necessary to consult with a doctor first before using any CBD products.
How Soon Can the Effects of CBD Be Felt?
You may feel the purported therapeutic effects of CBD based on your preferred CBD form.
CBD tinctures are placed sublingually (under the tongue) for around 90 seconds before swallowing(35). The effects may be evident within 15 to 45 minutes upon application.
Meanwhile, CBD topicals may take effect within 15 to 30 minutes upon applying the product onto the inflamed part of your skin(36). The effects may last from two to four hours.
If you want to avoid the earthy taste of pure CBD hemp plant extract, you may find CBD edibles, such as CBD gummies, as a favorable option.
However, CBD edibles may take around 30 to 60 minutes upon consumption as they need to pass through the digestive system(37). The effect may last for over six hours.
Vaping CBD may not be recommended for everyone, especially pregnant women, despite providing an instantaneous effect(38).
A study suggested that vape and e-cigarettes may worsen lung disorders(39) and inhibit pregnancy(40).
Choosing the Right CBD Oil for Fertility
CBD products for fertility come in different forms, including CBD tinctures, CBD edibles, and CBD topicals. Here are some tips for choosing high-quality products:
- Determine if the CBD product underwent third-party laboratory testing. The certificate of analysis (COA) indicates any residual harmful substances, actual CBD concentration, and CBD potency of the CBD product.
- Compare the product label to the COA found on the website of the brand. The COA ensures the accuracy of the advertised specification of the CBD product based on third-party laboratory testing.
- Choose CBD products made from organic, non-GMO hemp. Trustworthy CBD brands produce hemp plants from their farms or purchase from licensed hemp farmers that promote sustainable farming.
- Pick a brand that uses pure hemp oil mixed with a human consumption-friendly carrier oil, such as hempseed oil or MCT oil.
- Check your state laws concerning the legality of purchasing and using CBD for fertility(41).
- Select CBD products that opt for CO2 extraction for hemp plants. According to a study, FDA recognizes this extraction method as a safe pharmaceutical manufacturing process(42).
- Consult your healthcare professional specializing in CBD and fertility disorders before using any CBD products.
- Learn the different types of CBD products, namely full-spectrum CBD, broad-spectrum CBD, and CBD isolates.
Full-spectrum CBD oil contains all the naturally occurring compounds of the hemp plant, such as terpenes, fatty acids, flavonoids, and cannabinoids.
Among the cannabinoids present in full-spectrum CBD oil is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). This psychoactive phytocannabinoid may lead to a positive drug test result if frequently used.
For those wanting to get pregnant, it may be best to avoid full-spectrum CBD. The presence of THC may result in infertility among males(43).
Meanwhile, broad-spectrum CBD oil contains the same compounds present in a full-spectrum CBD except for THC. If you want to avoid the side effects of THC or you are allergic to the compound, you may choose this CBD product.
Meanwhile, you can also choose CBD isolates. These CBD products are pure CBD extracts without the other compounds of the cannabis plant, hemp.
Legality of CBD
In the US, 47 states already legalized CBD use with varying state regulations(44).
As stated in the 2018 Farm Bill, CBD products with less than 0.3% THC can be used legally on a federal level(45).
However, marijuana is still considered a Schedule 1 drug, substances deemed to have potentially addictive or abusive substances without any officially recorded medical benefits(46).
According to the FDA, it is still illegal to sell CBD products as a dietary supplement(47).
Despite the legalization of CBD use in the US, it is still recommended to review the regulations of using CBD products in your state(48).
CBD Dosage for Fertility
The FDA has no approved dosing guide for CBD for fertility.
However, the FDA suggests a starting dosage of 2.5mg of Epidiolex, the only FDA-approved CBD product for rare cases of epilepsy(49), twice a day(50).
A study on sleep and anxiety reported that individuals may tolerate a daily dose of 25mg to 175mg of CBD with some side effects, such as dry eyes, fatigue, and mild sedation(51).
Another human clinical trial showed that individuals could tolerate up to 1500mg of CBD per day(52).
As a precaution, starting with a low dosage of CBD is recommended. You may gradually increase the dosage until you obtain your desired results.
However, consulting a medical specialist is still suggested before using any CBD products for fertility.
Product Frequently
Asked Questions
-
How can CBD help with fertility?
Poor mental health may be associated with infertility among women(53), which CBD may improve(54). Gynecological disorders may also cause female infertility.
CBD may aid in the ECS in regulating oocyte formation(55). An imbalanced ECS may lead to PCOS, which is also a cause of infertility(56).
Women who have endometriosis may develop symptoms, such as pelvic pain and inflammation(57). These symptoms may be relieved by the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of CBD(58).
-
What evidence or research exists to say that CBD helps with fertility?
Several research studies have indicated that CBD may have antidepressant(59), anxiolytic (anxiety reduction), anti-inflammatory(60), and analgesic properties.
Symptoms, such as poor psychological health, ECS imbalance, chronic pain, and inflammation, may be associated with infertility(61).
Moreover, a study suggested that CBD may help prevent gynecological disorders, such as PCOS(62).
-
Is there any evidence that CBD can have negative effects on fertility?
Studies noted that CBD use may negatively affect male fertility due to the decreased sexual behavior(63) and sperm viability(64).
-
Will CBD interact with any current medication I may be taking for fertility?
Despite the lack of evidence for CBD interaction with fertility-related drugs, CBD may interact with other medications(65-67). Hence, consulting a gynecologist or a medical professional may ensure safe CBD use.
-
Are there other treatments I should consider alongside CBD to help with fertility?
Fertility treatments, such as IVF for women(68) and clomiphene citrate for men(69), may be considered to increase the fertility rate.
However, IVF may cause maternal death during pregnancy(70).
On the other hand, clomiphene citrate may cause weight gain, hair loss, gastrointestinal distress, gynecomastia for men(71).
You may try using CBD while practicing a healthier lifestyle, which includes the following(72):
- Quitting tobacco use
- Avoiding alcohol consumption
- Limiting caffeine intake
- Exercising moderately
-
Can I fail a drug test if I use CBD for fertility?
Unlike THC, CBD is undetectable on drug tests(73). However, frequent use of CBD with trace amounts of THC products may accumulate and appear positive in drug tests.
-
What is the CBD dosage for fertility?
There is no FDA-approved dosing guide on CBD for fertility. However, a study suggested that a person could tolerate up to 1500mg of CBD per day(74).
It is also suggested to start with a low dosage of CBD. If you are not satisfied with the results, you may gradually increase the dosage.
-
What are the side effects of CBD?
Despite the purported CBD benefits for fertility, the compound may produce side effects, such as tiredness, dry mouth, fatigue, loss of appetite, drowsiness, and diarrhea(75).
-
What are the risks of taking CBD for fertility?
A study suggested that the excessive activation of the CB1 receptors may cause insulin resistance in women(76).
Furthermore, studies suggested that CBD use may decrease the male fertility rate, including low sexual arousal and low sperm concentration(77-78).
- Infertility. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/infertility/index.htm
- de Mello Schier, A. R., de Oliveira Ribeiro, N. P., Coutinho, D. S., Machado, S., Arias-Carrión, O., Crippa, J. A., Zuardi, A. W., Nardi, A. E., & Silva, A. C. (2014). Antidepressant-like and anxiolytic-like effects of cannabidiol: a chemical compound of Cannabis sativa. CNS & neurological disorders drug targets, 13(6), 953–960. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871527313666140612114838
- Domar, A. D., Clapp, D., Slawsby, E., Kessel, B., Orav, J., & Freizinger, M. (2000). The impact of group psychological interventions on distress in infertile women. Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 19(6), 568–575. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.19.6.568
- Rooney, K. L., & Domar, A. D. (2018). The relationship between stress and infertility. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 20(1), 41–47. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2018.20.1/klrooney
- Luschnig, P., & Schicho, R. (2019). Cannabinoids in Gynecological Diseases. Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000499164
- Walker, O. S., Holloway, A. C., & Raha, S. (2019). The role of the endocannabinoid system in female reproductive tissues. Journal of ovarian research, 12(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13048-018-0478-9
- Maccarrone, M., Valensise, H., Bari, M., Lazzarin, N., Romanini, C., & Finazzi-Agrò, A. (2000). Relation between decreased anandamide hydrolase concentrations in human lymphocytes and miscarriage. Lancet (London, England), 355(9212), 1326–1329. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02115-2
- Walker, O. S., Holloway, A. C., & Raha, S. op. cit.
- Melo, A. S., Ferriani, R. A., & Navarro, P. A. (2015). Treatment of infertility in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: approach to clinical practice. Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil), 70(11), 765–769. https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2015(11)09
- Walker, O. S., Holloway, A. C., & Raha, S. op. cit.
- El-Talatini, M. R., Taylor, A. H., Elson, J. C., Brown, L., Davidson, A. C., & Konje, J. C. (2009). Localisation and function of the endocannabinoid system in the human ovary. PloS one, 4(2), e4579. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004579
- Duleba, A. J., & Dokras, A. (2012). Is PCOS an inflammatory process?. Fertility and sterility, 97(1), 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.11.023
- Juan, C. C., Chen, K. H., Wang, P. H., Hwang, J. L., & Seow, K. M. (2015). Endocannabinoid system activation may be associated with insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertility and sterility, 104(1), 200–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.03.027
- Lessey, B. A., & Kim, J. J. (2017). Endometrial receptivity in the eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis: it is affected, and let me show you why. Fertility and sterility, 108(1), 19–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.05.031
- Khoufache, K., Michaud, N., Harir, N., Kibangou Bondza, P., & Akoum, A. (2012). Anomalies in the inflammatory response in endometriosis and possible consequences: a review. Minerva endocrinologica, 37(1), 75–92.
- Hammell, D. C., Zhang, L. P., Ma, F., Abshire, S. M., McIlwrath, S. L., Stinchcomb, A. L., & Westlund, K. N. (2016). Transdermal cannabidiol reduces inflammation and pain‐related behaviours in a rat model of arthritis. European Journal of Pain, 20(6), 936-948.
- Armour, M., Sinclair, J., Chalmers, K. J., & Smith, C. A. (2019). Self-management strategies amongst Australian women with endometriosis: a national online survey. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 19(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-019-2431-x
- Flegel, C., Vogel, F., Hofreuter, A. et al. (2016). Characterization of non-olfactory GPCRs in human sperm with a focus on GPR18. Sci Rep 6, 32255 . https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32255
- Cacciola, G., Chianese, R., Chioccarelli, T., Ciaramella, V., Fasano, S., Pierantoni, R., Meccariello, R., & Cobellis, G. (2010). Cannabinoids and Reproduction: A Lasting and Intriguing History. Pharmaceuticals, 3(10), 3275–3323. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph3103275
- Amoako, A. A., Marczylo, T. H., Elson, J., Taylor, A. H., Willets, J. M., & Konje, J. C. (2014). Relationship between seminal plasma levels of anandamide congeners palmitoylethanolamide and oleoylethanolamide and semen quality. Fertility and sterility, 102(5), 1260–1267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.07.767
- Dayan, N., Joseph, K. S., Fell, D. B., Laskin, C. A., Basso, O., Park, A. L., Luo, J., Guan, J., & Ray, J. G. (2019). Infertility treatment and risk of severe maternal morbidity: a propensity score-matched cohort study. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l’Association medicale canadienne, 191(5), E118–E127. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.181124
- World Health Organization. (2018). Cannabidiol (CBD) Critical Review Report. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/medicines/access/controlled-substances/CannabidiolCriticalReview.pdf
- Domar, A. D., Clapp, D., Slawsby, E., Kessel, B., Orav, J., & Freizinger, M. (2000). The impact of group psychological interventions on distress in infertile women. Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 19(6), 568–575. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.19.6.568
- de Mello Schier, A. R., de Oliveira Ribeiro, N. P., Coutinho, D. S., Machado, S., Arias-Carrión, O., Crippa, J. A., Zuardi, A. W., Nardi, A. E., & Silva, A. C. op. cit.
- Luschnig, P., & Schicho, R. op. cit.
- Corroon, J., & Felice, J. F. (2019). The Endocannabinoid System and its Modulation by Cannabidiol (CBD). Alternative therapies in health and medicine, 25(S2), 6–14.
- Polycystic ovary syndrome (n.d.) Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pcos/symptoms-causes/syc-20353439
- Zou, S., & Kumar, U. (2018). Cannabinoid Receptors and the Endocannabinoid System: Signaling and Function in the Central Nervous System. International journal of molecular sciences, 19(3), 833. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19030833
- Endometriosis. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/endometriosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354656
- Bauer, B. A. (2018, Dec. 20). What are the benefits of CBD — and is it safe to use? Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/expert-answers/is-cbd-safe-and-effective/faq-20446700
- Ibid.
- Juan, C. C., Chen, K. H., Wang, P. H., Hwang, J. L., & Seow, K. M. op. cit.
- Machado Bergamaschi, M., Helena Costa Queiroz, R., Waldo Zuardi, A., & Crippa, A. S. (2011). Safety and side effects of cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent. Current drug safety, 6(4), 237-249.
- Juan, C. C., Chen, K. H., Wang, P. H., Hwang, J. L., & Seow, K. M. op. cit.
- Arthritis Foundation. CBD for Arthritis Pain: What You Should Know. Retrieved from https://www.arthritis.org/health-wellness/healthy-living/managing-pain/pain-relief-solutions/cbd-for-arthritis-pain
- Konieczny, E., & Wilson, L. (2018). Healing with CBD: how cannabidiol can transform your health without the high. Berkeley, California: Ulysses Press.
- Borodovsky, J. T., Crosier, B. S., Lee, D. C., Sargent, J. D., & Budney, A. J. (2016). Smoking, vaping, eating: Is legalization impacting the way people use cannabis? The International journal on drug policy, 36, 141–147. doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.02.022. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5010515/
- Hays, T. J. (2019) Is vaping during pregnancy OK? Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/expert-answers/vaping-during-pregnancy/faq-20462062
- Chand HS, Muthumalage T, Maziak W, Rahman I. (2020). Pulmonary Toxicity and the Pathophysiology of Electronic Cigarette, or Vaping Product, Use Associated Lung Injury. Front Pharmacol 10(16-19).doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.01619
- Margeaux Wetendorf, Lewis T Randall, Mahlet T Lemma, Sophia H Hurr, John B Pawlak, Robert Tarran, Claire M Doerschuk, Kathleen M Caron, E-Cigarette Exposure Delays Implantation and Causes Reduced Weight Gain in Female Offspring Exposed In Utero, Journal of the Endocrine Society, Volume 3, Issue 10, October 2019, Pages 1907–1916, https://doi.org/10.1210/js.2019-00216
- Hemppedia (2019, May 31). Is CBD legal in all 50 states? – The complete 2020 Guide Retrieved from https://hemppedia.org/cbd-oil-legal-us/
- Djerafi, R., Swanepoel, A., Crampon, C., Kalombo, L., Labuschagne, P., Badens, E., & Masmoudi, Y. (2017). Supercritical antisolvent co-precipitation of rifampicin and ethyl cellulose. European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences, 102, 161–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2017.03.016
- Infertility. op. cit
- Hemppedia op. cit.
- Farm Bill. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved from https://www.usda.gov/farmbill
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2020, Oct. 1). FDA Regulation of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Products, Including Cannabidiol (CBD). Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-including-cannabidiol-cbd
- Ibid.
- Hemppedia op. cit.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2020, Oct. 1). op. cit.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Epidiolex (cannabidiol) oral solution. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/210365lbl.pdf
- Shannon, S., Lewis, N., Lee, H., & Hughes, S. (2019). Cannabidiol in Anxiety and Sleep: A Large Case Series. The Permanente journal, 23, 18–041. https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/18-041
- Bergamaschi MM, Queiroz RH, Zuardi AW, Crippa JA (2016). Safety and side effects of cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent. Curr Drug Saf, 6(4):237-249. doi:10.2174/157488611798280924
- Infertility. op. cit.
- de Mello Schier, A. R., de Oliveira Ribeiro, N. P., Coutinho, D. S., Machado, S., Arias-Carrión, O., Crippa, J. A., Zuardi, A. W., Nardi, A. E., & Silva, A. C. op. cit.
- Luschnig, P., & Schicho, R. op. cit.
- Melo, A. S., Ferriani, R. A., & Navarro, P. A. (2015). Treatment of infertility in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: approach to clinical practice. Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil), 70(11), 765–769. https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2015(11)09
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