Best CBD for Essential Tremors
Are you looking for a high-quality CBD oil to help keep symptoms of essential tremors at bay? Read through our list of the highest-quality CBD products on the market to guide you on your search for the best CBD for essential tremors.
Best CBD for Essential Tremors 2025
- Spruce 750mg Lab Grade CBD Oil Editor's Pick
- NuLeaf Naturals 900mg Full Spectrum Hemp CBD Oil Best Organic
- Spruce 2400mg Lab Grade CBD Oil Editor's Pick
- Avida Full Spectrum CBD Oil Tincture 500mg Best Seller
- cbdMD CBD Oil Tincture Natural 1500mg Best Natural Alternative
- CBDistillery THC Free CBD Oil Tinctures Best THC-Free
- cbdMD CBD Oil Tincture Natural 750mg Best Customer Rated
- NuLeaf Naturals 300mg Full Spectrum Hemp CBD Oil Best Starter
- Hemp Bombs 750mg CBD Oil Best Flavor Range
Compare the Best CBD for Essential Tremors in 2021
Best CBD for Essential Tremors
1. Spruce 750mg Lab Grade CBD Oil
cbdc overall score
4.8
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Mid-strength |
No other flavors |
Natural peppermint flavor |
|
Made from 100% organic and natural ingredients |
Overview
Each bottle of the 750mg CBD oil tincture contains 25mg of CBD per dropper full. The oil is peppermint flavor to mask any unpleasant tastes related to CBD.
2. NuLeaf Naturals 900mg Full Spectrum Hemp CBD Oil
cbdc overall score
5.0
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Pure CBD hemp |
No other flavors |
All natural |
|
Approximately 300 drops total |
Overview
Natural remedy for various illnesses. NuLeaf Naturals’ CBD oil is a whole-plant extract containing a full spectrum of naturally occurring synergistic cannabinoids and terpenes.
3. Spruce 2400mg Lab Grade CBD Oil
cbdc overall score
5.0
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Extra Strength |
Tastes bitter |
No artificial flavoring or colors |
No THC-free option |
Made from 100% organic and natural ingredients |
Overview
The largest bottle of CBD oil that Spruce offers contains 2,400mg of CBD. This is full-spectrum CBD oil, which is the maximum possible potency. Each high potency dropper full contains 80mg of CBD. There are no flavorings in it, which allows for the most CBD to fit in the 30ml bottle.
4. Avida Full Spectrum CBD Oil Tincture 500mg
cbdc overall score
4.6
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Light Spearmint flavor |
No other flavor |
Non-THC, Non-detected in drug test |
Overview
Avida Extracts Full Spectrum CBD oil is the latest iteration of the brand’s advanced Avida CORE Spectrum technology. They use a proprietary full spectrum blend, resulting in the highest naturally occurring Phyto-cannabinoids and Terpenes with THC (<0.3) to support your health.
5. cbdMD CBD Oil Tincture Natural 1500mg
cbdc overall score
4.7
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Various delicious flavors to choose from |
cbdMD uses MCT as its carrier oil so individuals who are allergic with coconuts should consider other brand options |
Has vegan, organic, and gluten-free ingredients |
|
Free shipping for this particular product within USA |
|
World-class customer service team |
Overview
cbdMD’s CBD oil tinctures are made using only CBD sourced from medical hemp and MCT oil as a carrier oil. Tinctures are offered in orange, mint, natural, and berry flavors. Safe for daily use, the oil tinctures are packaged with a built-in rubber dropper to adjust CBD dosage easily. The packaging is made to be easy to transport and discreet to use.
6. CBDistillery THC Free CBD Oil Tinctures
cbdc overall score
4.4
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
60-Day Satisfaction Guarantee |
Dropper is a bit shaky |
Various strengths |
|
Oil extracted from aerial plant parts of US grown industrial hemp |
|
Sourced from non-GMO industrial hemp grown in the USA through natural farming practices |
Overview
CBDistillery’s Isolate CBD Oil Tinctures harness the power of pure CBD. CBD Isolate Oil Tinctures include 0.0% THC. When you use CBDistillery CBD Isolate Oil Tinctures, you can be assured you’re using the highest quality CBD on the market.
7. NuLeaf Naturals 300mg Full Spectrum Hemp CBD Oil
cbdc overall score
4.6
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Pure CBD hemp |
No other flavors |
All natural |
A bit pricey compared to competitors |
Approximately 100 drops total |
Overview
This is one of several concentrations from NuLeaf Naturals. As the lowest concentration, it is the company’s best option for those new to CBD oil. The product is lab-tested and fully organic. It is full-spectrum, so it contains THC in small quantities.
8. cbdMD CBD Oil Tincture Natural 750mg
cbdc overall score
4.4
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Vegan and Gluten free |
Does not ship internationally |
Has a third-party lab test |
|
Wide variety of CBD strengths and sizes |
Overview
A 750mg bottle of cbdMD’s Broad Spectrum Oil Tincture does not contain THC. It also has a fairly wide flavor range which is perfect for those who prefer other taste. Vegan consumers are considered since cbdMD offers Vegan products. Aside from all of that, another reason why people love cbdMD is because it’s free from harmful chemicals.
9. Hemp Bombs 750mg CBD Oil
cbdc overall score
3.9
CBDC Evaluation Table/Score
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Wide variety of flavors |
Incomplete information about the product |
Lab test results are complete |
Does not ship to all international countries |
30-day money-back guarantee |
Overview
Hemp Bombs offer CBD Oil Tinctures that come in a 30ml bottle containing 750mg of CBD. They provide a wide range of flavors perfect for those that have a knack for sweets. Consumers can safely intake this because it’s free of chemicals and pesticides. Hemp Bombs also offer a 20% off on products upon subscription.
How CBD Helps With Essential Tremors
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a phytocannabinoid (plant-based cannabinoid) commonly found in cannabis plants that purportedly provide therapeutic relief for different medical conditions.
Findings suggested that CBD may help with essential tremors by interacting with the endocannabinoid system (ECS) to help modulate the motor function and potentially reduce symptoms of movement disorders(1).
According to studies, the ECS helps maintain body homeostasis or balance and ensures that different internal systems work correctly.
The ECS has cannabinoid receptors that are found throughout the body. These receptors help modulate different daily bodily functions, such as immune response, pain sensation, and anxiety(2).
Among the different ECS receptors, the CB1 and CB2 receptors are the most common(3).
These two receptors primarily mediate the effects of endocannabinoids (cannabinoids produced by the body)(4). Endocannabinoids bind to the receptors to activate them and influence the body’s functionality(5).
Phytocannabinoids, such as CBD and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), may also influence CB1 and CB2 receptors to trigger specific responses.
CB1 receptors are primarily found in the brain and central nervous system(6). These receptors are especially abundant in the hippocampus, cerebellum, and basal ganglia regions of the brain(7).
The cerebellum and basal ganglia are the areas of the brain that control motor function.
A 2015 review noted that CBD’s interaction with CB1 receptors in basal ganglia and cerebellum may have therapeutic potential in managing tremors and symptoms of movement disorders in patients(8).
Moreover, findings suggest that CB1 receptors may be associated with neuroprotective responses and may help treat or prevent neurodegenerative or neurological disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease(9).
Essential tremor, a neurological disorder, shares symptoms and characteristics with Parkinson’s disease.
Both conditions cause involuntary and rhythmic shaking of different body parts, differing only in the timing of the tremors and parts affected(10). Meanwhile, Parkinson’s disease patients also show symptoms of other health problems, such as psychosis(11).
Researchers from the University of California San Diego conducted studies on how an oral formulation of cannabis can help with common movement disorders(12).
With the study’s target completion date set for Dec 2020, the clinical trials started in January 2019(13). The authors examined how a 20:1 ratio of high CBD and low-dose THC may affect and potentially treat essential tremors in adults.
Dr. Fatta Nahab, the lead researcher and a neurologist at UC San Diego Health, notes that, if successful, the study may provide both new treatment options for essential tremor patients and new insights into the condition(14).
CB2 receptors, abundant in the immune system, affect immune cell functions. When activated, CB2 receptors trigger anti-inflammatory responses(15).
A study hypothesized that activated CB2 receptors’ anti-inflammatory effects may also help reduce inflammation and improve neuron survival in the brain(16). The study suggested that CB2 receptors may provide potential therapeutic relief for neurodegenerative illnesses.
Additionally, the results indicated that cannabinoids, like CBD and THC, may offer therapeutic relief for multiple sclerosis symptoms and improve the overall quality of life. Tremors are also a common symptom of multiple sclerosis.
Individual states have recognized the potential therapeutic benefits of medical cannabis and have programs that allow patients with multiple sclerosis, chronic pain, and other severe conditions to access medical marijuana(17).
Benefits of Using CBD for Essential Tremors
The use of CBD for essential tremors presents patients with a potential non-invasive treatment option for alleviating debilitating or severe cases.
According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), used to treat essential tremors, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, and other neurological movement disorders, is invasive.
DBS involves inserting an electrical probe into the part of the brain that causes tremors. The probe transmits electrical pulses to disrupt signals that may be causing the tremors(18).
Although studies on CBD’s benefits specifically for essential tremors are lacking, research suggests that CBD may reduce movement disorder among patients with Huntington’s disease(19).
Moreover, CBD is shown to be well-tolerated among patients. A study noted that high CBD doses of up to 1,500mg per day caused no observable adverse effects among clinical trial participants(20).
Risks of Using CBD for Essential Tremors
Possible side effects of taking CBD may include dry mouth, reduced appetite, diarrhea, drowsiness or fatigue, and weight fluctuations(21).
Despite its legality and alleged therapeutic benefits, CBD is still a highly unregulated product. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is yet to approve of CBD as a treatment for any medical condition.
As of December 2020, the FDA has only approved one CBD-based medication, Epidiolex, to treat rare forms of epilepsy(22).
Moreover, the FDA cautions users that extremely high doses of CBD may cause liver damage(23).
CBD may also adversely interact with some drugs, such as blood pressure medications or blood thinners(24).
Thus, it is advisable to always seek medical advice from health care professionals familiar with CBD and its potential therapeutic benefits before buying or using CBD products.
How Soon CBD’s Effects Can Be Felt After Taking It
Vaping or inhaling CBD is the fastest delivery method for CBD. Inhaling CBD lets the compound enter the bloodstream in as fast as 30 seconds or less, allowing for a faster onset or start of effect(25).
Vaping also offers high CBD bioavailability. Up to 56% of CBD may be absorbed and transported around the body when vaping, making this method the most effective way to take CBD(26).
Bioavailability refers to the amount of the drug and the speed that it gets absorbed into the bloodstream.
Studies have noted that vaping may deliver peak CBD plasma concentrations in under 10 minutes(27). With this near-immediate onset or start of effects, some people feel the positive effects of CBD within seconds or a few minutes(28).
The effects of vaping or inhaling CBD may last anywhere between one to four hours, depending on the amount and potency of the CBD product taken(29).
However, studies suggest that vaping may be linked to lung issues or respiratory complications(30).
In fact, both the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the FDA advise against vaping, especially THC-containing products, while safety investigations are underway(31).
People with essential tremors may also choose oral or sublingual (under the tongue) CBD administration.
Users that let the CBD oil sit underneath their tongue for at least one minute may start to feel CBD’s effects within 15 to 45 minutes(32).
It may take up to an hour before one can experience the effects of sublingual use of CBD(33). The effects may last six to eight hours(34).
Swallowing the CBD oil right away or taking CBD edibles and capsules means the product will go through the digestive system, leading to a longer onset of effects.
It may take a couple of hours to feel the effects of orally ingested CBD on an empty stomach or up to three hours when taken with a meal(35).
A study showed that taking CBD capsules with high-fat or high-calorie foods may increase the amount of CBD absorbed into the body by up to four times(36).
The effects of CBD edibles, capsules, and orally ingested tinctures may be felt for about six to twelve hours(37). The extended duration of effects makes oral CBD ingestion ideal for people with chronic medical conditions.
Take note that the CBD potencies and carrier oils used in different products may also affect CBD bioavailability.
It is recommended to approach a certified medical doctor familiar with CBD usage before using CBD to help ensure optimal effectiveness and overall wellness.
How to Buy the Best CBD Oil for Essential Tremors
CBD has three different types: full-spectrum CBD, broad-spectrum CBD, and CBD isolates.
Full-spectrum CBD oil contains a complete range of phytocannabinoids naturally found in cannabis plants, including CBD, THC, terpenes, flavonoids, and fatty acids.
Terpenes are aromatic compounds that may provide additional relaxation and therapeutic benefits(38). Flavonoids are plant chemicals that may offer antioxidant and anti-inflammatory relief(39).
Together, these compounds produce the entourage effect, wherein they work together in synergy to magnify each others’ therapeutic benefits. Thus, users can take in all the purported benefits of CBD and other cannabinoids.
Full-spectrum CBD oil and products are recommended for people with essential tremors who want to get the maximum therapeutic benefits from their CBD intake.
Broad-spectrum CBD products are ideal for essential tremors patients that are not comfortable with even trace amounts of THC yet still want to take advantage of the full range of phytocannabinoids and other compounds.
Researchers hypothesized that the cannabinoids and terpenes in broad-spectrum CBD may still trigger an entourage effect(40).
Meanwhile, CBD isolates are made of pure CBD. These are free from THC and other phytocannabinoids.
Here are other factors to consider when trying to buy the best CBD oil for essential tremors:
- Check the kind of ingredients used in the product. If possible, choose products whose ingredients are organic, all-natural, and non-GMO (genetically modified organism), particularly the hemp plants.
- Go for brands that are transparent about their hemp farming practices, CBD extraction process, and third-party lab testing.
- Always make sure the products have certificates of analysis (COAs) or lab test results to verify the CBD potency and cannabinoid content.
- The products should also be tested for harmful contaminants and toxins, such as residual solvents, pesticides, and heavy metals.
CBD Oil Dosage for Essential Tremors
The rule of thumb for first-time CBD users is to start with a low concentration and dosage of CBD. Users may slowly increase the dosing until their desired effects are achieved.
CBD is not an FDA-approved medication. As such, there are no established or official dosage recommendations.
CBD oils and tinctures often come with graduated or marked droppers for ease of administration and accurate dosage measurement.
Individuals with essential tremors are advised to talk with a physician or neurologist knowledgeable on CBD use for a more precise dosage recommendation.
How to Take CBD Oil for Essential Tremors
Inhalation or vaping is the fastest acting method for taking CBD, though it is also the method that offers the shortest effect duration(41).
The fast onset and high bioavailability makes vaping CBD ideal for patients with acute medical conditions or in need of immediate therapeutic relief(42).
Take note, though, that not all CBD oils and tinctures are safe for vaping. A study suggested that vaping CBD products with medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil may cause acute lung injury and inflammation(43).
The FDA and CDC also advise people not to vape CBD products that contain THC(44). Vaping has been linked to over 2,800 lung injury cases or deaths in the US, as of February 2020.
Taking CBD sublingually is a popular method among experienced users. This method requires holding the CBD oil under the tongue for at least 60 seconds before swallowing it.
Holding drops of CBD tinctures or oils under the tongue allows the blood vessels in the area to absorb CBD directly(45). This method allows for optimal absorption and a better bioavailability rate than CBD edibles(46).
People with essential tremors may also ingest CBD orally by taking CBD edibles, such as capsules, softgels, and gummies.
Oral ingestion is the slowest acting CBD delivery method. However, CBD edibles have a longer-lasting effect (up to 12 hours)(47).
The effect onset takes longer as the ingested CBD goes through the digestive system and gets metabolized in the liver. This process is known as “first-pass metabolism.”
Consult a medical doctor familiar with CBD use before buying and taking any CBD product, especially if you are taking other seizure prescription drugs, like primidone.
CBD topicals are also available, although these products may be more suitable for targeted joint pain relief rather than essential tremors(48).
CBD may cause contraindications with other medications, so it is highly recommended to get your doctor’s consent before using CBD.
Legality of CBD
CBD was legalized by federal law when the United States passed the 2018 Farm Bill or the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018(49).
The bill permits the cultivation, processing, manufacture, handling, and selling of hemp and hemp derivatives, including CBD products(50).
The legality of hemp and hemp-based CBD hinges on its THC content. As per the 2018 Farm Bill, Cannabis sativa plants are considered as industrial hemp and federally legal as long as they have no more than 0.3% THC on a dry weight basis(51).
Any cannabis plant or product whose THC concentration exceeds the 0.3% federal limit is recognized as marijuana, which is still illegal in most parts of the US.
The 2018 Farm Bill also removed industrial hemp from the Schedule I drugs category(52). Schedule I drugs are substances with no approved medical use and a high potential for abuse(53).
Although CBD is no longer a Schedule I substance, it is still not an FDA-approved drug or supplement. The FDA has only approved one CBD-based medication, Epidiolex, for treating seizures caused by rare forms of epilepsy(54).
Additionally, the FDA regulations restrict the sale of any food or beverages with added CBD(55).
States may impose their own rules and regulations regarding CBD, with some states passing less restricting CBD laws than others.
Colorado, for instance, allows the manufacture and sale of CBD-infused food and drinks and does not have any age restrictions on who can buy CBD products unless CBD is added to alcohol(56).
In contrast, South Dakota continues to consider all forms of industrial hemp and CBD oil illegal(57).
Meanwhile, New York abides by the FDA’s regulations and does not permit the sale of food products with CBD additives has similar restrictions. However, the state has recently proposed regulations to amend this rule(58).
Product Frequently
Asked Questions
-
How can CBD help with essential tremors?
Studies suggest that CBD may influence the ECS, which helps regulate muscle movement(59).
Findings also note that CBD shows promise in providing therapeutic relief for Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease, both of which have tremors as symptoms(60).
-
What research exists to say that CBD helps with essential tremors?
A study was conducted by researchers from the University of California San Diego on how CBD may potentially help essential tremor patients(61). The study was scheduled for completion in December 2020, though results have yet to be published.
Other studies have found CBD promising for tremors caused by other health conditions. One study noted that CBD may help reduce tremor amplitude or maximum vibration among patients with Parkinson’s disease(62).
-
Is there any evidence that CBD can make essential tremors worse?
Existing research shows no evidence that CBD can make essential tremors worse. However, some studies and reviews on other tremor-associated conditions noted that CBD alone may not lead to significant tremor improvements(63).
-
Will CBD interact with any current medication I may be taking for essential tremors?
CBD may interact with certain medications, such as blood thinners(64). It is recommended to talk with your doctor before using CBD, especially when taking prescription medications for essential tremors.
-
Are there other treatments I should consider alongside CBD to help with essential tremors?
Beta-blockers, such as atenolol and propranolol, are commonly prescribed to treat essential tremors(65). Anti-anxiety, anti-seizure, and chronic pain medications may also be useful for tremors.
Make sure to consult a physician before using CBD products alongside any prescription drugs. CBD may interact with certain medications and cause further complications(66).
-
Can I fail a drug test if I use CBD for essential tremors?
It is possible to fail a drug test from taking full-spectrum CBD products for essential tremors. Full-spectrum products may have up to 0.3% THC. Frequent intake and high doses of full-spectrum CBD can cause the accumulation of THC, which may lead to a false-positive result.
-
What is an advisable CBD dosage for essential tremors?
The general rule is to start with a low CBD dosage and potency, increasing the dosage as necessary based on its effects on the individual. At present, there are still no official CBD dosage recommendations or guidelines for essential tremors.
- Peres, F. F., Lima, A. C., Hallak, J., Crippa, J. A., Silva, R. H., & Abílio, V. C. (2018). Cannabidiol as a Promising Strategy to Treat and Prevent Movement Disorders?. Frontiers in pharmacology, 9, 482. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00482
- ECHO. (2017, April 18). A Look at the Endocannabinoid System’s CB1 and CB2 Receptors. Retrieved from https://echoconnection.org/look-endocannabinoid-systems-cb1-cb2-receptors/
- Lu, H. C., & Mackie, K. (2016). An Introduction to the Endogenous Cannabinoid System. Biological psychiatry, 79(7), 516–525. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4789136/
- Ibid.
- ECHO. (2017, April 18). Op. cit.
- Ibid.
- Lu, H. C., & Mackie, K. (2016). Op. cit.
- Arjmand, S., Vaziri, Z., Behzadi, M., Abbassian, H., Stephens, G. J., & Shabani, M. (2015). Cannabinoids and Tremor Induced by Motor-related Disorders: Friend or Foe?. Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics, 12(4), 778–787. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-015-0367-5
- ECHO. (2017, April 18). Op. cit.
- Mayo Clinic. (2019, Jan. 23). Essential tremor. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/essential-tremor/symptoms-causes/syc-20350534
- Zahodne, L. B., & Fernandez, H. H. (2010). Parkinson’s psychosis. Current treatment options in neurology, 12(3), 200–211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11940-010-0072-y
- UC San Diego Health. (2018, Sept. 18). Study to Examine Possible Effects of Cannabis Compound for Common Movement Disorder. Retrieved from https://health.ucsd.edu/news/releases/Pages/2018-09-18-study-to-examine-effects-of-cannabis-compound-for-essential-tremor.aspx
- International Conference on Harmonisation-Good Clinical Practice. Trial of Cannabis for Essential Tremor. Retrieved from https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/NCT03805750
- UC San Diego Health. (2018, Sept. 18). Op. cit.
- Turcotte, C., Blanchet, M. R., Laviolette, M., & Flamand, N. (2016). The CB2 receptor and its role as a regulator of inflammation. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS, 73(23), 4449–4470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-016-2300-4
- Fernández-Ruiz, J., Moreno-Martet, M., Rodríguez-Cueto, C., Palomo-Garo, C., Gómez-Cañas, M., Valdeolivas, S., Guaza, C., Romero, J., Guzmán, M., Mechoulam, R., & Ramos, J. A. (2011). Prospects for cannabinoid therapies in basal ganglia disorders. British journal of pharmacology, 163(7), 1365–1378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01365.x
- New York State Department of Health. New York State Medical Marijuana Program Frequently Asked Questions. https://www.health.ny.gov/regulations/medical_marijuana/faq.htm
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (2020. June 11). Deep Brain Stimulation for Movement Disorders. Retrieved from https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Deep-Brain-Stimulation-Movement-Disorders-Fact
- Ammal Kaidery, N., and Thomas, B. (2018). Current perspective of mitochondrial biology in Parkinson’s disease. Neurochem. Int. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.03.001.
- Iffland, K., & Grotenhermen, F. (2017). An Update on Safety and Side Effects of Cannabidiol: A Review of Clinical Data and Relevant Animal Studies. Cannabis and cannabinoid research, 2(1), 139–154. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2016.0034
- Bauer, B. A. (2018, Dec. 20). What are the benefits of CBD — and is it safe to use? Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/expert-answers/is-cbd-safe-and-effective/faq-20446700
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2018, March 27). FDA Approves First Drug Comprised of an Active Ingredient Derived from Marijuana to Treat Rare, Severe Forms of Epilepsy. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-drug-comprised-active-ingredient-derived-marijuana-treat-rare-severe-forms
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2020, March 3). What You Need to Know (And What We’re Working to Find Out) About Products Containing Cannabis or Cannabis-derived Compounds, Including CBD. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/what-you-need-know-and-what-were-working-find-out-about-products-containing-cannabis-or-cannabis
- Bauer, B. A. (2018, Dec. 20). Op. cit.
- Gill, L. L. (2018, Aug. 26). How to Safely Use CBD: Should You Inhale, Spra, Apply, or Eat It?. Consumer Reports. Retrieved from https://www.consumerreports.org/cbd/how-to-use-cbd-inhale-spray-apply-eat/
- Huestis M. A. (2007). Human cannabinoid pharmacokinetics. Chemistry & biodiversity, 4(8), 1770–1804. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790152
- Devinsky, O., Cilio, M. R., Cross, H., Fernandez-Ruiz, J., French, J., Hill, C., Katz, R., Di Marzo, V., Jutras-Aswad, D., Notcutt, W. G., Martinez-Orgado, J., Robson, P. J., Rohrback, B. G., Thiele, E., Whalley, B., & Friedman, D. (2014). Cannabidiol: pharmacology and potential therapeutic role in epilepsy and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Epilepsia, 55(6), 791–802. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.12631
- Devitt-Lee, A. What is the best way to take CBD? Project CBD. Retrieved from https://www.projectcbd.org/how-to/use-cbd-and-cannabis
- Bayle, A. (2018, July 10). How To Use CBD – The Complete Guide. Retrieved from https://hemppedia.org/how-to-use-cbd/
- Stanbrook M. B. (2019). Vaping-associated lung illnesses highlight risks to all users of electronic cigarettes. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l’Association medicale canadienne, 191(48), E1319–E1320. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.191503
- U.S. Food & Drug Administration. (2020, April 13). Lung Injuries Associated with Use of Vaping Products. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/lung-injuries-associated-use-vaping-products
- Arthritis Foundation. CBD For Arthritis Pain: What You Should Know. Retrieved from https://www.arthritis.org/health-wellness/healthy-living/managing-pain/pain-relief-solutions/cbd-for-arthritis-pain
- Bayle, A. (2018, July 10). Op. cit.
- Devitt-Lee, A. What is the best way to take CBD? Op. cit.
- Ibid.
- Birnbaum, A. K., Karanam, A., Marino, S. E., Barkley, C. M., Remmel, R. P., Roslawski, M., Gramling-Aden, M., & Leppik, I. E. (2019). Food effect on pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol oral capsules in adult patients with refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia, 60(8), 1586–1592. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.16093
- Devitt-Lee, A. What is the best way to take CBD? Op. cit.
- Ferber, S.G., Namdar, D., Hen-Shoval, D., Eger, G., Koltai, H., Shoval, G., Shbiro, L., Weller, A. (2020). The “Entourage Effect”: Terpenes Coupled with Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Mood Disorders and Anxiety Disorders. PubMed Central (PMC). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7324885/
- Panche, A. N., Diwan, A. D., & Chandra, S. R. (2016). Flavonoids: an overview. Journal of nutritional science, 5, e47. https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2016.41
- Ferber, S.G., Namdar, D., Hen-Shoval, D., et. al. (2020). Op. cit.
- Devitt-Lee, A. What is the best way to take CBD? Op. cit.
- Ibid.
- Muthumalage, T., Lucas, J., Wang, Q., Lamb, T., McGraw, M., & Rahman, I. (2020). Pulmonary toxicity and inflammatory response of e-cigarette vape cartridges containing medium-chain triglycerides oil and vitamin e acetate: Implications in the pathogenesis of EVALI. Toxics, 8(46). 10.3390/toxics8030046
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, Nov. 27). Outbreak of Lung Injury Associated with the Use of E-Cigarette, or Vaping, Products. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/severe-lung-disease.html
- Devitt-Lee, A. What is the best way to take CBD? Op. cit.
- Millar, S. A., Maguire, R. F., Yates, A. S., & O’Sullivan, S. E. (2020). Towards Better Delivery of Cannabidiol (CBD). Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 13(9), 219. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13090219 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7558665/
- Devitt-Lee, A. What is the best way to take CBD? Op. cit.
- Hammell, D. C., Zhang, L. P., Ma, F., Abshire, S. M., McIlwrath, S. L., Stinchcomb, A. L., & Westlund, K. N. (2016). Transdermal cannabidiol reduces inflammation and pain-related behaviours in a rat model of arthritis. European journal of pain (London, England), 20(6), 936–948. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.818
- Congress.gov. H.R. 2 – Agricultural Improvement Act of 2018. Retrieved from https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/2/text
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- Hudak, J. (2018, Dec. 14). The Farm Bill, hemp legalization and the status of CBD: An explainer. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2018/12/14/the-farm-bill-hemp-and-cbd-explainer/
- United States Drug Enforcement Administration. Drug Scheduling. Retrieved from https://www.dea.gov/drug-scheduling
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2020, Oct. 1). FDA regulation of cannabis and cannabis-derived products, including cannabidiol (CBD). https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-including-cannabidiol-cbd
- Ibid.
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. Hemp in food. Retrieved from https://cdphe.colorado.gov/hemp-food
- South Dakota Office of the Attorney General. (2019, March 25). Attorney General Ravnsborg Clarifies Questions Regarding Industrial Hemp and CBD (Cannabidiol) Oil. https://atg.sd.gov/OurOffice/Media/pressreleasesdetail.aspx?id=2167
- New York State Governor. (2020, Oct. 28). Governor Cuomo Announces Proposed Regulations for Cannabinoid Hemp Products. https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-announces-proposed-regulations-cannabinoid-hemp-products
- Peres, F. F., Lima, A. C., Hallak, J., et. al. (2018). Op. cit.
- Fernández‐Ruiz, J., Sagredo, O., M. Ruth Pazos, García, G., Pertwee, R., Mechoulam, R., Martínez‐Orgado, J., (2012). Cannabidiol for neurodegenerative disorders: important new clinical applications for this phytocannabinoid? British Pharmacological Society. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04341.x https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3579248/
- UC San Diego Health. (2018, Sept. 18). Op. cit.
- de Faria, S. M., de Morais Fabrício, D., Tumas, V., Castro, P. C., Ponti, M. A., Hallak, J. E., Zuardi, A. W., Crippa, J., & Chagas, M. (2020). Effects of acute cannabidiol administration on anxiety and tremors induced by a Simulated Public Speaking Test in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 34(2), 189–196. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881119895536
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- Bauer, B. A. (2018, Dec. 20). What are the benefits of CBD — and is it safe to use? Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/expert-answers/is-cbd-safe-and-effective/faq-20446700
- Harvard Health Publishing. (2018, November). Essential Tremor. Retrieved from https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/essential-tremor-a-to-z
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