CBD Gummies for Pain - April 2024

How CBD Gummies May Help With Pain

CBD gummies are a type of CBD edibles that contain cannabidiol. 

Cannabidiol (CBD) is an active component of marijuana (cannabis). Although CBD is a vital element of medical marijuana, it is mostly derived from the hemp plant, a relative of marijuana⁽⁵⁾. 

CBD interacts with the endocannabinoid system (ECS)⁽⁶⁾. The ECS is present in almost every part of the body and functions by maintaining homeostasis⁽⁷⁾. Homeostasis is when living things maintain a stable condition to survive⁽⁸⁾.  

Furthermore, the ECS consists of cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) found on cells throughout the body⁽⁹⁾. 

CB1 receptors play a significant role in pain sensation, whereas CB2 stimulates a response that fights inflammation⁽¹⁰⁾. 

Although CBD has a low binding affinity for CB1 and CB2 receptors, the compound may antagonize them in the presence of THC⁽¹¹⁾. 

THC or delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol is the mind-altering chemical in marijuana⁽¹²⁾. It is responsible for the euphoric high cannabis users feel. 

Meanwhile, cannabidiol is non-psychoactive⁽¹³⁾. Researchers believe CBD reduces the efficacy and potency of THC and regulates the perception of pain⁽¹⁴⁾. 

Because CBD gummies contain cannabidiol that modulates pain perception, CBD gummies may help with pain. 

CBD Gummies for Pain Relief: What Studies Say 

There is no scientific evidence that could provide insight into the potential use of CBD gummies specifically for pain relief in humans. 

However, an animal study using a rat model published in the Frontiers of Pharmacology seemed to support the suggestion that CBD may play a part in modulating the sensorial and affective dimensions of pain⁽¹⁵⁾. 

Chronic pain is continuing pain that typically lasts longer than six months. A person can experience discomfort even after the illness or injury that triggered the pain has healed⁽¹⁶⁾.  

Sativex, an oromucosal spray with equal amounts of CBD and THC, may be used as an analgesic for cancer-related pain⁽¹⁷⁾. 

It is recommended that individuals use Sativex orally by applying it on the inside of their cheeks or under their tongue⁽¹⁸⁾. 

A study from the journal Molecules mentioned that oral CBD administration is subject to first-pass metabolism (first-pass effect)⁽¹⁹⁾. The liver and digestive tract partly break down substances during the first-pass effect⁽²⁰⁾. 

Research indicated that cannabinoid (CBD and THC) absorption via oral administration may vary from 20 to 30%⁽²¹⁾. 

Studies examine cannabidiol administered orally as a prospective treatment for various conditions. However, CBD’s oral bioavailability is low⁽²²⁾. 

Bioavailability is a measure of the fraction and rate of a drug’s initial dose becoming available to its biological destination⁽²³⁾. 

The low oral bioavailability of cannabinoids, including CBD, has led to the development of other administration methods like the transdermal route⁽²⁴⁾.  

Animal research from the European Journal of Pain examined the use of transdermal CBD and its purported ability to reduce inflammation and pain-related behaviors in a rat model of arthritis⁽²⁵⁾.  

Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) is a painless form of drug administration in which a substance is applied onto healthy skin⁽²⁶⁾.   

The animal study used CBD gels (0.6, 3.1, 6.2, or 62.3mg per day), applied for four consecutive days after arthritis induction⁽²⁷⁾. 

The result showed that 6.2 and 62mg of CBD gel daily were effective doses⁽²⁸⁾. 

The data also indicated that topical CBD application may have therapeutic potential to relieve arthritis pain-related behaviors and inflammation without detrimental side effects⁽²⁹⁾. 

Benefits of CBD Gummies for Pain

According to the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) data brief, the prevalence of chronic pain among American adults in 2019 was 20.4%. Meanwhile, the prevalence of high-impact chronic pain was 7.4%⁽³⁰⁾.  

Although there is no direct research examining the benefits of CBD gummies for pain, there are numerous studies about CBD’s purported health benefits. 

In an experimental pain study of cannabidiol use in humans, researchers concluded that the compound’s pain-relieving properties are driven by pharmacological action and psychological placebo effects⁽³¹⁾. 

The placebo effect is when an individuals’ mental or physical health seems to improve after taking a placebo (a dummy treatment). This phenomenon is triggered by a person’s response to a particular medication⁽³²⁾. 

According to Professor Ted Kaptchuk of Harvard-affiliated Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, placebos work on symptoms regulated by the brain, such as pain perception⁽³³⁾. 

A study from the Neuroscience Letters using a murine model suggested that CBD may help reduce inflammatory pain in mice by influencing how pain receptors respond to stimuli⁽³⁴⁾.

Another study suggested that CBD may help with painful diabetic neuropathy due to the compound’s ability to activate 5-HT1A receptors, a serotonin receptor subtype⁽³⁵⁾.

CBD may exert numerous pharmacological effects, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties⁽³⁶⁾.

Antioxidants can be natural or artificial substances that may delay cell damage⁽³⁷⁾. Meanwhile, inflammation is the immune system’s way of responding to an irritant⁽³⁸⁾. 

An analysis of cannabidiol’s antioxidant activity suggested that the compound may help modulate the oxidation-reduction status or redox state⁽³⁹⁾. 

Results suggest that CBD may affect the redox balance due to its ability to modify the activity of oxidants and antioxidants . 

Hence, oxidative modification is crucial in modulating pathological conditions characterized by redox imbalances and inflammation, such as inflammatory illnesses⁽⁴⁰⁾.

An imbalance between free radicals (atoms with unpaired electrons) and antioxidants will result in oxidative stress. CBD may capture these free radicals, interrupt their chain reactions, or transform them into less active forms⁽⁴¹⁾.  

The purported therapeutic benefits of CBD on pain are promising. However, further studies are warranted to determine cannabidiol’s efficacy and long-term safety. 

In addition, longitudinal research directly examining the benefits of CBD gummies for pain is highly recommended. 

Things Consumers Should Know Before Using the Best CBD Gummies for Pain

Reputable CBD brands offer high-quality CBD products that promote health and wellness. 

Choosing the best quality products from the vast CBD market depends on numerous factors, such as the type of hemp extract, CBD uses, the severity of one’s condition, and personal preferences. 

Most CBD companies also offer CBD gummies as another easy way of ingesting CBD. Gummy brands offer gummies in different extracts such as:

• Full-spectrum CBD gummies
• Broad-spectrum CBD gummies
• CBD isolates in gummies

CBD brands that offer CBD-infused gummies include:

• CBDfx
• Charlotte’s Web
• FAB CBD
• Verma Farms
• Royal CBD
• Medterra
• Cheef Botanicals
• Five CBD
• cbdMD
• Joy Organics
• Green Roads CBD
• Penguin CBD
• CBDistillery 

The following are pertinent factors to consider when selecting high-quality CBD gummies for pain:

Types of CBD Extracts 

Full-spectrum CBD oil has all the extracts of the cannabis plant, including terpenes, essential oils, flavonoids, and other cannabinoids. Furthermore, full-spectrum CBD oil contains a THC concentration of less than 0.3%⁽⁴²⁾. 

Terpenes are the aromatic elements in plants. Flavonoids are responsible for the vivid colors of fruits and vegetables.

On the other hand, broad-spectrum CBD oil is almost the same as its full-spectrum counterpart. However, broad-spectrum CBD oil is nearly THC-free. 

Meanwhile, CBD isolates are a pure form of CBD usually harvested from Cannabis sativa plants⁽⁴³⁾.  

A study from Frontiers in Plant Science hypothesized that the entourage effect in full-spectrum hemp extracts may produce better health benefits than pure CBD⁽⁴⁴⁾. 

The entourage effect occurs when there is an integration of all the cannabis compounds, resulting in the extract’s enhanced medicinal effects. 

Source of Hemp 

It is necessary to determine the source of hemp when purchasing any hemp-derived CBD products. 

Consumers need to consider whether the CBD gummy bear or any CBD products they are buying do not contain pesticides, fertilizers, heavy metals, residual solvents, and other contaminants that may put their health at risk. 

It is vital to choose CBD brands that are transparent with their farming practices. CBD companies must provide sufficient information about their grown hemp products.

Whenever possible, consumers should look for organic hemp, gluten-free, non-GMO CBD products made from natural ingredients. 

Home-grown hemp is subject to the quality-control procedures of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA ).

Extraction Methods 

Different extraction methods are utilized to express CBD oil and hemp extract. These processes include steam distillation, natural solvent extraction, ethanol extraction, and carbon dioxide or CO2 extraction. 

One of the most frequently utilized CBD extraction methods is the CO2 extraction technique, using carbon dioxide as the extraction solvent⁽⁴⁵⁾.  

Meanwhile, butane or hexane extraction processes are discouraged as they can leave harmful residues⁽⁴⁶⁾. 

Third-Party Lab Testing 

Consumers must verify whether a CBD brand enlists the services of a third-party laboratory. The company must provide its clients with lab reports or CoAs (certificates of analysis) of all their products.

The documents mentioned should be readily accessible on the brand’s official website. When all pertinent information is posted online, customers can compare the values specified on the laboratory report with the figures on the product label. 

Comparing reports allows consumers to verify a brand’s claims regarding the concentration, potency, and effects of CBD. 

Carrier Oils 

After extracting the CBD compound from the hemp plant, it is infused into a carrier oil to enhance a product’s bioavailability. 

A compound’s bioavailability is high if a large percentage of its active form reaches the system unaltered⁽⁴⁷⁾. 

Customarily, hempseed oil and coconut oil are used as carrier oils. 

The terms hemp oil and hempseed oil are often used interchangeably, although they are not the same. 

CBD oil, sometimes called hemp oil, is a form of essential oil obtained from the flowers and leaves of hemp plants. Hempseed oil is made from the pressed seeds of hemp plants. 

Hempseed oil does not contain cannabidiol. However, it is rich in nutrients and fatty acids⁽⁴⁸⁾. 

CBD and THC Content 

Consumers are advised to determine the amount of CBD and THC of a particular product before purchasing it. The dosage of most CBD products is expressed in milligrams (mg). 

To check the accuracy of CBD potency and concentration, consumers must read and understand the CoA carefully. 

The CBD Brand’s Reputation 

There is an extensive range of CBD-derived products available online. Hence, consumers must verify whether a particular CBD company is authorized to manufacture and sell CBD items. 

Consumers must do their research to verify whether a specific CBD product is sold by a reputable brand. They may read other customer reviews or visit the company’s website to get more insights about the brand and its products. 

In addition, new and old customers should read the company’s return policy carefully. They must verify whether a CBD company offers a money-back guarantee or full refund if the products fail to deliver as promised. 

What Is in CBD Gummies? 

Most CBD-infused gummies available online contain CBD derived from hemp. CBD is non-psychoactive⁽⁴⁹⁾, which means consuming CBD-derived products like gummies will not make a person high.  

The 2018 Farm Bill stated that commercial products containing plants that meet the legal definition of hemp are considered legal in most states⁽⁵⁰⁾.

Most CBD gummies are formulated with sweeteners like corn syrup and cane sugar, organic fruit flavors, fruit pectin (thickening agent from fruits), and other natural flavorings. Others are gelatin-free.   

Some gummy brands for pain also contain turmeric and ginger, in addition to the whole-plant hemp extract. 

Turmeric and ginger have many therapeutic effects, including anti-inflammatory properties⁽⁵¹⁾. 

Most full-spectrum gummies are suitable for people who observe gluten-free diets and those who practice veganism. Gummies are available in different flavors, like apples, pumpkins, oranges, and berries.  

CBD Dosage for Pain

The United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) does not recognize CBD as a form of medical treatment. Therefore, there is no standard dosage for CBD.

However, CBD companies include dosage recommendations for their products. Consumers can find them either on the brand’s official website or on the product label.

CBD gummies have a predetermined amount of cannabidiol in each piece. However, these types of CBD edibles are flavorful food items, making it tempting for some individuals to ingest higher doses than necessary. 

Hence, consumers should always check the product label or consult a physician experienced in cannabis use for a more accurate dose. 

CBD edibles like gummies may also be attractive to pets and children, so consumers must keep these edibles in a safe place. While taking an excessive amount of CBD does not usually trigger detrimental side effects⁽⁵²⁾, caution is still advised.

A review from Current Drug Safety reported that chronic use and high doses of up to 1,500 mg of CBD per day are well tolerated in humans⁽⁵³⁾.  

However, taking an excessive amount of CBD may cause temporary discomfort that may last for 8 hours or more⁽⁵⁴⁾. 

Usage of CBD Gummies for Pain

Unlike other CBD products and formulations, CBD gummies provide consumers with ease of use. Individuals can discreetly take a gummy while at home or work. 

Most individuals take one to five pieces of gummies per day, depending on the potency. For high-potency gummies, some consumers portion them into quarters and use half of the gummy one day and the other half the next day.   

Bioavailability

Bioavailability is the measure of a drug’s absorption rate⁽⁵⁵⁾. CBD edibles like gummies have to go through the digestive system, taking one to three hours for CBD to take effect⁽⁵⁶⁾. 

The oral bioavailability of cannabidiol is approximately 6% in humans⁽⁵⁷⁾. 

When to Take CBD Gummies for Pain

It is best to talk to a physician experienced in cannabis use to know when to take CBD gummies for pain. 

CBD gummies are flavorful. Hence, consumers may take too much of them than necessary. 

Individuals also differ in their body’s reaction to CBD. They should consult their doctor to determine how CBD may interact with other pain medications they may be taking.

Are CBD Gummies Safe? Are There Any Side Effects?

There is no specific data regarding the safety of CBD gummies. However, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that CBD is generally well tolerated. The compound also has a good safety profile⁽⁵⁸⁾.  

However, cannabidiol also carries some risks and minor side effects, such as⁽⁵⁹⁾: 

• Dry mouth
• Reduced appetite
• Diarrhea
• Fatigue
• Drowsiness 

FAQs on CBD Gummies for Pain

• Will CBD gummies get one High?

CBD gummies are a type of CBD edible that contains cannabidiol. Cannabidiol is non-psychoactive⁽⁶⁰⁾, meaning it will not cause a euphoric high. 

• Are CBD gummies legal in the United States? 

The 2018 Farm Bill decriminalized the commercial use of industrial hemp-derived products⁽⁶¹⁾. Cannabis sativa plants with less than 0.3% of THC are considered federally legal in the United States. 

However, consumers must still read individual state laws regarding CBD-infused products. Not all states allow the use or possession of such products. 

For instance, the South Dakota government does not allow the possession of any CBD products⁽⁶²⁾. Individuals may face legal consequences when local authorities find CBD gummies in their possession.

• Are hemp products legal in Colorado?  

Colorado health department’s hemp program inspects and regulates all manufacturing operations in the Centennial State⁽⁶³⁾. 

The department regulates cannabidiol derived from industrial hemp as a food ingredient or a nutritional supplement to promote well-being. 

• Are CBD gummies safe for pregnant or nursing mothers?

The FDA prohibits using cannabis items, including CBD-infused products, while pregnant or breastfeeding⁽⁶⁴⁾. 

CBD gummies are derived from hemp and thus almost devoid of THC. However, it is still best for pregnant and breastfeeding mothers not to take them.  

Although there have been no studies examining the effects of CBD in pregnant women, the FDA states that cannabis and THC may lead to premature birth, stillbirth, or low birth weight. 

The FDA also warns women against using THC products while breastfeeding. The compound may stay in a woman’s breast milk for up to six days, resulting in poor cognitive function or hyperactivity in infants. 

• Why is spirulina included in some CBD gummies?

Spirulina is a type of superfood purported to modulate immune functions and exhibit anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting the release of histamine from mast cells⁽⁶⁵⁾.  

Mast cells mediate inflammatory responses, including allergic reactions and hypersensitivity. Pain hypersensitivity is relevant in determining symptoms in chronic pain patients⁽⁶⁶⁾.

• What other CBD products can be used for pain management? 

CBD is available in other forms, like tinctures, salves, lotions, and creams. 

Consumers may also use CBD via a vape pen. However, vaping can damage the lungs⁽⁶⁷⁾, so caution is advised.

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1. Cannabidiol and Other Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoids for Prevention and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disorders: Useful Nutraceuticals?
   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7246936/
2. Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Cannabidiol
   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7023045/
3. Research Shows Pain-Relieving Effects Of Cbd
   https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/04/210423130221.htm
4. What Are The Benefits Of Cbd — And Is It Safe To Use?
   https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/expert-answers/is-cbd-safe-and-effective/faq-20446700
5. Cannabidiol (Cbd)-What We Know And What We Don’t
   https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/cannabidiol-cbd-what-we-know-and-what-we-dont-2018082414476
6. The Endocannabinoid System, Our Universal Regulator
   https://www.jyi.org/2018-june/2018/6/1/the-endocannabinoid-system-our-universal-regulator
7. Ibid.
8. Homeostasis: The Underappreciated and Far Too Often Ignored Central Organizing Principle of Physiology
   https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2020.00200/full
9. Ibid.
10. Cannabinoids and Pain: New Insights From Old Molecules
    https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2018.01259/full
11. Ibid.
12. What Is Marijuana?
    https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/marijuana/what-marijuana
13. Cannabidiol and Other Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoids for Prevention and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disorders: Useful Nutraceuticals?
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7246936/
14. Cannabinoids and Pain: New Insights From Old Molecules
    https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2018.01259/full
15. Cannabidiol Is a Potential Therapeutic for the Affective-Motivational Dimension of Incision Pain in Rats
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5478794/
16. Acute vs. Chronic Pain
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/12051-acute-vs-chronic-pain
17. Cannabinoids In The Management Of Difficult To Treat Pain
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2503660/
18. Sativex
    https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/Consumers/cmi/s/sativex.pdf
19. Cannabinoid Delivery Systems for Pain and Inflammation Treatment
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6222489/
20. First Pass Effect
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551679/
21. Cannabinoid Delivery Systems for Pain and Inflammation Treatment
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6222489/
22. A Systematic Review on the Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol in Humans
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23. Drug Bioavailability
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24. Cannabinoid Delivery Systems for Pain and Inflammation Treatment
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6222489/
25. Transdermal Cannabidiol Reduces Inflammation And Pain-Related Behaviours In A Rat Model Of Arthritis
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4851925/
26. Transdermal Drug Delivery: Innovative Pharmaceutical Developments Based on Disruption of the Barrier Properties of the stratum corneum
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4695828
27. Transdermal Cannabidiol Reduces Inflammation And Pain-Related Behaviours In A Rat Model Of Arthritis
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4851925/
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Chronic Pain and High-impact Chronic Pain AmongU.S. Adults, 2019
    https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db390-H.pdf
31. Research Shows Pain-Relieving Effects Of Cbd
    https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/04/210423130221.htm
32. Placebo Effect
    https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/placebo-effect
33. The Power Of The Placebo Effect
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/mental-health/the-power-of-the-placebo-effect
34. The Abnormal Cannabidiol Analogue O-1602 Reduces Nociception In A Rat Model Of Acute Arthritis Via The Putative Cannabinoid Receptor Gpr55
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21683763/
35. Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Cannabidiol
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7023045/
36. Ibid.
37. Antioxidants: In Depth
    https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/antioxidants-in-depth
38. What is inflammation?
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279298/
39. Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Cannabidiol
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7023045/
40. Oxidative Stress: Harms and Benefits for Human Health
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5551541/
41. Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Cannabidiol
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7023045/
42. Cannabidiol Primer For Healthcare Professionals
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7340472/
43. Ibid.
44. The Case for the Entourage Effect and Conventional Breeding of Clinical Cannabis: No “Strain,” No Gain
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6334252/
45. Understanding Dabs: Contamination Concerns of Cannabis Concentrates and Cannabinoid Transfer During the Act of Dabbing
    https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jts/40/6/40_797/_pdf/-char/en
46. Cannabidiol Primer for Healthcare Professionals
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7340472/
47. Drug Bioavailability
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557852/
48. Hemp Seed Oil Properties
    https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/hemp-seed-oil-properties.html
49. Cannabidiol and Other Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoids for Prevention and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disorders: Useful Nutraceuticals?
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7246936/
50. The Farm Bill, Hemp Legalization And The Status Of Cbd: An Explainer
    https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2018/12/14/the-farm-bill-hemp-and-cbd-explainer/
51. Physiological And Therapeutical Roles Of Ginger And Turmeric On Endocrine Functions
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52. CBD: A Patient’s Guide to Medicinal Cannabis, page 107.
    https://drive.google.com/file/d/1MILU_6ZjYkII-XMUPHLFPiPQbrz__5Sh/view
53. Safety And Side Effects Of Cannabidiol, A Cannabis Sativa Constituent
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22129319/
54. CBD: A Patient’s Guide to Medicinal Cannabis, page 107.
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55. Healing With CBD, page. 195.
    https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AGlxnhS2SoFeOXEuysv75bd_C9pEnwsU/view
56. CBD: A Patient’s Guide to Medicinal Cannabis, page 107.
    https://drive.google.com/file/d/1MILU_6ZjYkII-XMUPHLFPiPQbrz__5Sh/view
57. Development of a Novel Nanoemulsion Formulation to Improve Intestinal Absorption of Cannabidiol
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58. Cannabidiol (CBD)
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59. What Are The Benefits Of Cbd — And Is It Safe To Use?
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60. Cannabidiol, A Non-Psychoactive Component Of Cannabis And Its Synthetic Dimethylheptyl Homolog Suppress Nausea In An Experimental Model With Rats
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61. Hemp Production and the 2018 Farm Bill
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62. Attorney General Ravnsborg Clarifies Questions Regarding Industrial Hemp And Cbd (Cannabidiol) Oil
    https://atg.sd.gov/OurOffice/Media/pressreleasesdetail.aspx?id=2167
63. Hemp in food
    https://cdphe.colorado.gov/hemp-food
64. What You Should Know About Using Cannabis, Including CBD, When Pregnant or Breastfeeding
    https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/what-you-should-know-about-using-cannabis-including-cbd-when-pregnant-or-breastfeeding
65. Spirulina in Clinical Practice: Evidence-Based Human Applications
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66. Pain hypersensitivity and spinal nociceptive hypersensitivity in chronic pain: prevalence and associated factors
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67. Is It Safe to Vape CBD?
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