CBD Gummies for Alcoholism - April 2024

CBD Gummies: Are There Gummies That Can Help Stop Someone From Drinking?

Researchers have not conclusively determined whether CBD gummies can help someone stop drinking or prevent alcoholism.

Some companies selling CBD gummies may mention that their products may help individuals reduce alcohol cravings. 

However, extensive clinical data on the effectiveness of CBD gummies for alcoholism is still needed.

Can CBD Gummies Help With Other Withdrawal Symptoms?

Clinical trials do not mention that CBD gummies can help alleviate alcohol withdrawal symptoms. These symptoms can include anxiety, elevated blood pressure, headache, and gastrointestinal upset⁽³⁾.

However, studies suggest that cannabidiol (CBD) may have potential therapeutic properties. One study involving animal models suggested that CBD may have anxiety-reducing and antidepressant properties⁽⁴⁾.

Another study stated that CBD may provide a calming effect on the nervous system⁽⁵⁾. Results showed that the compound reduced anxiety and improved sleep.

CBD may also help with nausea and vomiting because of its antiemetic (nausea-reducing) properties⁽⁶⁾.

How Does an Individual Know What CBD Gummies for Alcoholism Are Right for Them?

CBD products come in three forms: full-spectrum CBD oil, broad-spectrum CBD, and CBD isolates.

Full-spectrum CBD contains all the cannabis plant phytocannabinoids, including terpenes, flavonoids, essential oils, and less than 0.3% tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)⁽⁷⁾.

Terpenes provide a distinctive aroma in cannabis plants, while flavonoids produce the plants’ vivid colors.

THC is a cannabis component extracted from marijuana plants and induces psychoactive effects⁽⁸⁾.

These compounds working together may produce an entourage effect, implying that they have more benefits when combined than isolated⁽⁹⁾.

Broad-spectrum CBD is similar to its full-spectrum counterpart, except broad-spectrum CBD products have only a small amount of THC or are entirely THC-free. 

Meanwhile, isolates consist of pure CBD only and do not contain other compounds.

Individuals with an aversion to THC or its psychoactive effects may consider using CBD gummies that are broad-spectrum or isolates.

High-quality CBD products, specifically organic, non-GMO, and hemp-derived CBD may be more expensive than low-grade ones. 

However, consumers should consider purchasing high-quality CBD products from credible, trusted CBD suppliers and manufacturers.

Can Someone Take CBD Gummies With Naltrexone?

Studies have not determined the efficacy and safety of CBD gummies when taken with naltrexone.

However, one study in the British Journal of Pharmacology showed that the oral administration of CBD and naltrexone may help lower the motivation to drink and reduce alcohol intake better than other drugs given separately⁽¹⁰⁾.

Moreover, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved naltrexone as a medication for treating opioid use disorder (OUD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD)⁽¹¹⁾.

Naltrexone is not an opioid and is not addictive⁽¹²⁾. This drug does not cause withdrawal symptoms when individuals stop using the medication. 

The drug also blocks the sedative and euphoric effects of opioids such as morphine, heroin, and codeine.

Naltrexone works by blocking and binding opioid receptors and reducing and suppressing opioid cravings⁽¹³⁾.

Research on CBD for Alcohol Addiction: How CBD May Help With Alcoholism

A 2019 review of preclinical and human studies suggested that CBD may help lower alcohol consumption and protect an individual from the harmful effects of alcohol, such as brain and liver damage⁽¹⁴⁾.

One study in the Addiction Biology journal stated that CBD may be a promising compound in helping with alcohol use disorders⁽¹⁵⁾.

Results showed that CBD may help lower alcohol consumption and alcohol-induced relapse in mice.

Although animals were the subjects of this experiment, researchers may obtain helpful information from this study for further research on CBD’s effects on alcoholism in humans.

Another study published in the Neuropsychopharmacology journal reported that CBD may positively affect rodents with histories of cocaine and alcohol self-administration⁽¹⁶⁾.

Results suggested that CBD may help reduce drug-seeking behavior without sedative effects, interference with normal motivated behavior, or tolerance.

The researchers also mentioned that CBD may lessen anxiety, help prevent high impulsivity in rats with an alcohol dependence history, and show potential for relapse prevention.

Lastly, a systematic review evaluated several studies regarding CBD’s therapeutic potential for alcohol use disorder⁽¹⁷⁾.

In rodent models, researchers noted that CBD may help decrease alcohol-induced steatosis and liver damage. Steatosis is a dangerous health condition wherein lipids (fat) build up in the liver.

While most studies were done on animal models, the findings may be helpful for future studies and clinical trials on humans.

Alcohol, CBD, and the Endocannabinoid System: How CBD and Alcohol Affect the Endocannabinoid System

In one animal study, researchers administered increasing doses of CBD to mice to assess how the compound affected the animals’ motivation for drinking alcohol⁽¹⁸⁾.

In this analysis, the mice had to press a lever to access 36 milliliters (ml) of ethanol. Researchers said this method helped evaluate the rodents’ motivation to drink since the test subjects must exert effort by pressing the lever to consume alcohol. 

When the researchers increased the requirement to three presses to get alcohol, they observed that administering CBD helped reduce the active lever presses. 

The investigation suggests that these CBD-induced effects may be linked to changes in the gene expression of crucial targets closely associated with AUD. 

Among the key targets are the cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2) in the endocannabinoid system (ECS).

The research also noted that a single administration of CBD when the test subjects were taking alcohol decreased the expression of CB1 receptors in the brain and increased CB2 receptor expression.

The ECS is a vast network of cellular receptors, chemical signals, and enzymes densely packed throughout the brain and body.

This biological system is responsible for several body functions, including memory, pain control, eating, and emotional processing⁽¹⁹⁾.

Cannabinoids, or compounds that help the ECS with these vital functions, interact with CB1 and CB2 receptors.

Benefits of CBD for Alcoholism

CBD has a favorable safety profile among humans⁽²⁰⁾. This benefit suggests that individuals may consider using CBD safely for alcohol addiction.

CBD may also help manage nausea⁽²¹⁾. Nausea is a hangover symptom. Therefore, CBD may benefit those who want to stop drinking.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), CBD does not produce effects associated with drug abuse⁽²²⁾. Thus, CBD is unlikely to cause substance abuse.

Does CBD Reduce Alcohol Cravings?

Animal studies suggest that CBD may help manage AUD and attenuate stress-elicited alcohol seeking⁽²³⁾. 

However, researchers have not conducted extensive clinical trials to conclude whether CBD may help reduce alcohol cravings in humans.

Study Says CBD May Help One Cut Back on Drinking Alcohol and Reduce Its Damaging Effects

One narrative review in Frontiers in Pharmacology outlined CBD’s purported protection in animal models against AUD and alcohol-related brain and liver damage⁽²⁴⁾.

Researchers said that CBD may reduce the overall alcohol drinking levels in animal models with AUD by reducing impulsivity, anxiety, ethanol consumption, motivation for drinking ethanol, and relapse.

Can CBD Treat Alcohol Use Disorder?

Studies showed that CBD may potentially help manage AUD⁽²⁵⁾.

However, the FDA has not approved this compound as medication for treating AUD or substance use disorder (SUD). 

Individuals interested in using CBD should consult a doctor before taking this product for alcoholism.

When to Contact a Healthcare Provider About Alcohol Use Disorder

If the individual believes they are showing signs and health issues indicative of AUD, they can visit their healthcare provider for a consultation. 

AUD symptoms include⁽²⁶⁾:

• Having an intense craving or urge to drink alcohol
• Being unable to cut down on drinking alcohol or making unsuccessful attempts to do so
• Failing to complete work, school, or home obligations because of repeated alcohol use
• Experiencing withdrawal symptoms, such as shaking, sweating, and nausea when the individual does not drink or needs to drink to avoid these symptoms
• Developing an alcohol tolerance to the point that the individual needs excessive alcohol consumption to feel its effects

If a healthcare provider believes that an individual has alcohol problems, the medical professional can refer them to a mental health provider.

Can CBD Help Alcohol-Related Liver Damage?

One study showed that CBD may help manage alcohol-related fibrosis and steatosis in the liver⁽²⁷⁾.

Results suggest that CBD may help modulate inflammation, reduce lipid accumulation, stimulate autophagy, reduce oxidative stress, and induce the death of activated hepatic stellate cells.

Hepatic stellate cells help the liver heal damage and respond to injuries⁽²⁸⁾. 

Activating these cells may cause hepatic fibrosis, which is an excessive wound-healing resulting in the buildup of connective tissues⁽²⁹⁾.

Is CBD a Good Replacement for Alcohol? Does CBD Sober Up an Individual From Alcohol?

Researchers have not conducted human clinical trials to determine whether CBD may replace alcohol or help individuals sober up.

However, one animal study mentioned that CBD may help lower the occurrence of stress-elicited alcohol seeking⁽³⁰⁾.

While this finding is conducted on animals, the study’s result suggests that CBD may potentially replace alcohol by reducing alcohol cravings and helping consumers become sober.

How to Take CBD Oil for Alcoholism

CBD oil comes in various products and administration methods depending on an individual’s preferences or dosage needs. CBD products include the following:

CBD Tinctures

CBD tinctures are products applied sublingually (under the tongue) to allow faster absorption of the compound into the bloodstream⁽³¹⁾.

Individuals may allow the CBD drops to stay under their tongue for 60 to 120 seconds before swallowing⁽³²⁾.

CBD tinctures usually have an unpleasant, earthy taste. However, some CBD brands sell CBD tinctures in various flavors. Individuals may also add these products to their food or drink.

CBD Capsules

Capsules are another way to take CBD oil for alcoholism quickly. CBD capsules may have a slower absorption rate as they have to pass through the digestive tract⁽³³⁾.

Dosing may also vary due to the delayed onset of effect (about one to two hours), effects of stomach acids, and recent meals⁽³⁴⁾.

Therefore, individuals seeking fast results in combating alcoholism may consider other ways to take CBD aside from capsules.

CBD Edibles

Individuals who want to avoid the grassy, earthy taste of CBD extracts can consider taking CBD edibles for alcoholism. These products include CBD gummies, chocolate bars, and candies.

Users looking for CBD gummies that may induce the entourage effect may consider purchasing full-spectrum CBD gummies. 

CBD Vapes

CBD vapes may start taking effect immediately since the vapors, upon inhalation, enter the bloodstream through the lungs and bypass the digestive system.

However, recovering alcoholics should consider avoiding products that may trigger a relapse, including vaping or smoking. Additionally, smokers should stop vaping or smoking to minimize relapse risks.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), FDA, and other local and state health departments have conducted investigations on the outbreak of e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI)⁽³⁵⁾.

As of February 2020, the CDC received reports of more than 2,000 hospitalized EVALI cases or deaths. Thus, the CDC and FDA do not recommend using vapes.

CBD Topicals

CBD can also be applied topically using products like creams, balms, lotions, and salves.

Individuals applying topicals should consider starting with a small dose of CBD to see how their skin reacts to the substance. 

The user may increase the dosage gradually once they see positive changes after using the product for several days.

How Soon Can CBD’s Effects Be Felt?

CBD’s effect on alcoholism may vary depending on several factors, such as the compound’s potency, administration method, body weight, and metabolism.

CBD oil tinctures allow direct absorption of CBD into the bloodstream⁽³⁶⁾. Users may feel the compound’s effects within 15 to 45 minutes.

Meanwhile, CBD edibles may take longer to work compared to tinctures since the compound must pass through the digestive tract. Individuals may start feeling the effects of CBD edibles within 30 to 90 minutes⁽³⁷⁾.

Vaping allows CBD to enter the bloodstream through the lungs. Individuals may feel the compound’s effects within 20 minutes.

For topical CBD products, their onset times are within 15 to 30 minutes⁽³⁸⁾. The product’s effects may last for two to four hours.

How long CBD’s potential therapeutic benefits for alcohol abuse will remain or continue will depend on the form of CBD used.

While CBD tinctures may provide immediate relief, the product’s effects may last two to four hours⁽³⁹⁾. 

CBD edibles’ effects may last for over six hours⁽⁴⁰⁾. Meanwhile, CBD vapes’ effects may have a short-term duration of two to four hours.

Mixing Alcohol and CBD

One clinical trial showed that combining CBD and alcohol may produce significant motor and psychomotor impairments⁽⁴¹⁾.

Results also showed that this combination may lead to time production overestimations and subjective responses, indicating an accurate self-perception of intoxication.

Possible Side Effects of Using CBD for Alcoholism: Does CBD Cause Any Side Effects?

There are no studies that CBD may cause side effects when used for alcoholism. In general, CBD may induce the following side effects⁽⁴²⁾:

• Dry mouth
• Fatigue
• Drowsiness
• Tiredness
• Diarrhea
• Reduced appetite
• Changes in weight

CBD vs. Marijuana for Alcohol Withdrawal

The following sections compare the effects of CBD and marijuana when used for managing alcohol withdrawal.

Why CBD May Help With Alcohol Withdrawal

One study mentioned that CBD may help reduce withdrawal-induced convulsions, alcohol-seeking, alcohol self-administration, and impulsive discounting of delayed rewards among mice test subjects⁽⁴³⁾.

The researchers also noted that CBD may be well tolerated among humans. However, further studies may help determine whether the exact effects of alcohol withdrawal apply to humans. 

Can Marijuana Help With Alcohol Withdrawal?

One study mentioned that adults who reported using marijuana were more likely to develop an alcohol use disorder (AUD) within three years than those who did not use the substance⁽⁴⁴⁾. Individuals using marijuana and having AUD at the outset have a higher risk of their condition worsening.

The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) reported that marijuana use may precede abuse of other illicit substances, such as alcohol⁽⁴⁵⁾. Therefore, it may be best to avoid CBD products with THC.

NIH provides detailed information on marijuana on the agency’s website at https://nida.nih.gov.

What Is CBD?

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a cannabis plant compound known for its various potential health and wellness benefits, including analgesic (pain-relieving), anticonvulsant, antioxidant, and antianxiety effects⁽⁴⁶⁾. 

These CBD effects may help manage AUD and alcohol withdrawal, which has related conditions and symptoms, such as anxiety, restlessness, rapid heartbeat, sleeping problems, and occasional seizures.

Is CBD a Drug?

The FDA has not approved CBD for treating any disease or condition. Hence, individuals should not treat CBD as a drug.

One exception is Epidiolex, an FDA-approved prescription medication containing pure CBD for treating seizures associated with specific disorders.

Is CBD Addictive?

Studies suggest that CBD is a non-habit-forming and safe substance that does not produce a euphoric high⁽⁴⁷⁾.

How Does CBD Interact With One’s Mind and Body?

CBD interacts with the individual’s mind and body through the ECS. This biological system of receptors helps regulate memory, emotional processing, learning, sleep, pain control, inflammation, and immune responses⁽⁴⁸⁾.

Cannabinoids interact with the ECS receptors, such as the CB1 and CB2, to help regulate these functions.

Legality of CBD

Industrial hemp became legal following the 2018 Farm Bill enactment, meaning that CBD products containing less than 0.3% THC are not considered controlled substances at the federal level⁽⁴⁹⁾.

THC is a psychoactive compound that causes a euphoric high among users. Marijuana, which contains THC, remains a Schedule 1 controlled drug due to its high abuse potential, often related to tetrahydrocannabinol’s psychoactive effects⁽⁵⁰⁾.

The Farm Bill also preserves the FDA’s authority to regulate cannabis products or cannabis-derived compounds⁽⁵¹⁾.

CBD Glossary

• Cannabinoid receptors: These receptors reside in the endocannabinoid system. CB1 receptors help with memory, emotional processing, pain, and appetite regulation, while CB2 receptors help manage inflammation⁽⁵²⁾.
• CBD: This compound, which stands for cannabidiol, comes from the hemp plant, a cousin of marijuana, and is often used as an essential component of medical marijuana⁽⁵³⁾.
• Entourage effect: This effect occurs when cannabis compounds work synergistically to produce more benefits than when such compounds function individually.
• THC: This compound stands for tetrahydrocannabinol. It is a psychoactive substance that produces a “high” feeling often linked to marijuana use.

FAQs

1. Is CBD oil suitable for individuals recovering from alcohol addiction?

CBD has a good safety profile appropriate for human use⁽⁵⁴⁾. This benefit suggests that individuals recovering from alcohol addiction may consider using CBD.

2. Is there evidence that CBD may help with alcoholism?

A study showed that CBD may help lower alcohol consumption and protect against alcohol’s harmful effects, including brain damage and liver disease⁽⁵⁵⁾.

Another research stated that CBD may reduce anxiety, drug-seeking behavior, and impulsivity⁽⁵⁶⁾. 

Although the research involved animal subjects, the findings may help future research on CBD’s potential benefits for alcoholism in humans.

3. Is there any evidence that CBD can make alcoholism worse?

Clinical studies have not shown whether CBD can worsen alcoholism. Research on CBD’s safety and effectiveness on alcoholism is inconclusive.

However, findings suggest that CBD may help lower alcohol consumption and protect against alcohol’s harmful effects⁽⁵⁷⁾.

4. Will CBD interact with medications I may be taking for alcoholism?

CBD may interact with other medications and change how the body breaks down these drugs⁽⁵⁸⁾. Thus, individuals should consult a healthcare provider before using CBD with other drugs or supplements for any medical condition.

5. Are there other treatments I should consider alongside CBD to help with alcoholism?

Individuals seeking addiction recovery may take chamomile tea to help manage insomnia or dandelion tea to help detoxify the liver⁽⁵⁹⁾.

However, these alternatives may have side effects, including allergic reactions, vomiting, and worsening of acid indigestion symptoms.

6. Can I fail a drug test if I use CBD for alcoholism?

CBD products should not cause an individual to fail a drug test as long as the product contains less than 0.3% THC. 

However, frequent consumption of THC-containing products may result in false-positive drug test results.

7. What is the dosage for alcoholism?

The FDA has not approved any official CBD dosage guidelines for alcoholism.

However, it is best to take CBD in small doses and observe the effects⁽⁶⁰⁾. Individuals can consider increasing the dosage if there are positive changes after using CBD oil for several days.

8. Will CBD oil hurt my liver?

One animal study showed that CBD may protect against liver damage⁽⁶¹⁾. This result suggests that CBD may benefit instead of worsen the liver. 

9. Can I take CBD oil while drinking alcohol?

A study mentioned that mixing CBD with alcohol may significantly impair one’s motor and psychomotor behavior⁽⁶²⁾.

This finding hypothesized that it may be best not to combine the two substances. 

Further research is needed to determine the exact effects of this combination on one’s well-being.

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1. Effects of Cannabidiol on Alcohol-Related Outcomes: A Review of Preclinical and Human Research
   https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000272
2. Effects of Cannabidiol Plus Naltrexone on Motivation and Ethanol Consumption
   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6057893/
3. Alcohol Withdrawal
   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441882/
4. Antidepressant-Like and Anxiolytic-Like Effects of Cannabidiol: A Chemical Compound of Cannabis sativa
   https://doi.org/10.2174/1871527313666140612114838
5. Cannabidiol in Anxiety and Sleep: A Large Case Series
   https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/18-041
6. Regulation of Nausea and Vomiting by Cannabinoids
   https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01176.x
7. Cannabidiol Primer for Healthcare Professionals
   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7340472/
8. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563174/
9. The Case for the Entourage Effect and Conventional Breeding of Clinical Cannabis: No “Strain,” No Gain
   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6334252/
10. Effects of cannabidiol plus naltrexone on motivation and ethanol consumption
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6057893/
11. Naltrexone
    https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/medications-counseling-related-conditions/naltrexone
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Effects of cannabidiol on alcohol-related outcomes: A review of preclinical and human research
    https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000272
15. Cannabidiol reduces ethanol consumption, motivation and relapse in mice
    https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.12495
16. Unique treatment potential of cannabidiol for the prevention of relapse to drug use: preclinical proof of principle
    https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-018-0050-8
17. Cannabidiol as a Novel Candidate Alcohol Use Disorder Pharmacotherapy: A Systematic Review
    https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13964
18. Cannabidiol reduces ethanol consumption, motivation and relapse in mice https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.12495
19. The endocannabinoid system: Essential and mysterious
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/the-endocannabinoid-system-essential-and-mysterious-202108112569
20. An Update on Safety and Side Effects of Cannabidiol: A Review of Clinical Data and Relevant Animal Studies
    https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/can.2016.0034
21. Regulation of nausea and vomiting by cannabinoids
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01176.x
22. WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence: Fortieth Report
    https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/279948/9789241210225-eng.pdf
23. Cannabidiol as a Novel Candidate Alcohol Use Disorder Pharmacotherapy: A Systematic Review
    https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/acer.13964
24. Therapeutic Prospects of Cannabidiol for Alcohol Use Disorder and Alcohol-Related Damages on the Liver and the Brain
    https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.00627
25. Cannabidiol as a Novel Candidate Alcohol Use Disorder Pharmacotherapy: A Systematic Review
    https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/acer.13964
26. Alcohol Use Disorder: Symptoms & Causes
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alcohol-use-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20369243
27. Therapeutic Prospects of Cannabidiol for Alcohol Use Disorder and Alcohol-Related Damages on the Liver and the Brain
    https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2019.00627/full
28. Hepatic Stellate Cells (Ito Cells). Retrieved from
    http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/liver/stellate.html
29. Mechanisms of hepatic stellate cell activation https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2017.38
30. Cannabidiol as a Novel Candidate Alcohol Use Disorder Pharmacotherapy: A Systematic Review
    https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/acer.13964
31. CBD for Arthritis Pain: What You Should Know
    https://www.arthritis.org/health-wellness/healthy-living/managing-pain/pain-relief-solutions/cbd-for-arthritis-pain
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. Outbreak of Lung Injury Associated with the Use of E-Cigarette, or Vaping, Products.
    https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/severe-lung-disease.html
36. CBD for Arthritis Pain: What You Should Know
    https://www.arthritis.org/health-wellness/healthy-living/managing-pain/pain-relief-solutions/cbd-for-arthritis-pain
37. Smoking, Vaping, Eating: Is Legalization Impacting the Way People Use Cannabis?
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5010515/
38. Healing with CBD
    https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AGlxnhS2SoFeOXEuysv75bd_C9pEnwsU/view
39. Ibid.
40. Smoking, Vaping, Eating: Is Legalization Impacting the Way People Use Cannabis?
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5010515/
41. Interaction of cannabidiol and alcohol in humans
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/120541/
42. What are the benefits of CBD — and is it safe to use?
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/expert-answers/is-cbd-safe-and-effective/faq-20446700
43. Cannabidiol as a Novel Candidate Alcohol Use Disorder Pharmacotherapy: A Systematic Review
    https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13964
44. Is marijuana a gateway drug?
    https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/marijuana/marijuana-gateway-drug
45. National Institutes of Health. Marijuana Research Report. (2020, Jul). Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/marijuana/marijuana-gateway-drug
46. Cannabidiol primer for healthcare professionals
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7340472/
47. The reality behind cannabidiol’s medical hype
    https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02524-5#ref-CR1
48. The endocannabinoid system: Essential and mysterious
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/the-endocannabinoid-system-essential-and-mysterious-202108112569
49. FDA Regulation of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Products, Including Cannabidiol (CBD)
    https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-including-cannabidiol-cbd
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid.
52. Cannabidiol primer for healthcare professionals
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7340472/
53. Cannabidiol (CBD): What we know and what we don’t
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/cannabidiol-cbd-what-we-know-and-what-we-dont-2018082414476
54. An Update on Safety and Side Effects of Cannabidiol: A Review of Clinical Data and Relevant Animal Studies
    https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/can.2016.0034
55. Effects of cannabidiol on alcohol-related outcomes: A review of preclinical and human research
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31120285/
56. Unique treatment potential of cannabidiol for the prevention of relapse to drug use: preclinical proof of principle
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29686308/
57. Effects of cannabidiol on alcohol-related outcomes: A review of preclinical and human research
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31120285/
58. An Update on Safety and Side Effects of Cannabidiol: A Review of Clinical Data and Relevant Animal Studies
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5569602/
59. Herbal Remedies In Recovery
    https://alcoholrehab.com/alcohol-recovery/herbal-remedies-in-recovery/
60. CBD Dosing
    https://www.projectcbd.org/guidance/cbd-dosing
61. Effects of cannabidiol on alcohol-related outcomes: A review of preclinical and human research
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31120285/
62. Interaction of cannabidiol and alcohol in humans
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/120541/

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